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A 3layered skin model is built to simulate hyperspectral reflectance using Monte Carlo simulations based on biological components, which include melanin volume fraction, water level, blood volume fraction, oxygen saturation, etc. A forward neural network is trained for mapping biological components and reflectance. Then a database, which contains 50,000 samples spectra from 450 to 750 nm with randomly given biological components&#39; information, are generated by this forward neural network. Support vector regression, inverse neural networks and random forest are applied for the regression analysis of reflectance data and melanin volume fraction. Dimensionality reduction is used to accelerate the training time. The performances of three regression methods are measured and show promising prediction results.

ICPR 2020

Fast Determination of Melanin based on Skin Hyperspectral Reflectance

bioinformatics

image and signal processing

machine learning

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A 3layered skin model is built to simulate hyperspectral reflectance using Monte Carlo simulations based on biological components, which include melanin volume fraction, water level, blood volume fraction, oxygen saturation, etc. A forward neural network is trained for mapping biological components and reflectance. Then a database, which contains 50,000 samples spectra from 450 to 750 nm with randomly given biological components' information, are generated by this forward neural network. Support vector regression, inverse neural networks and random forest are applied for the regression analysis of reflectance data and melanin volume fraction. Dimensionality reduction is used to accelerate the training time. The performances of three regression methods are measured and show promising prediction results.

poster

ICPR 2020 is the premier international conference on Pattern Recognition, gathering leading researchers from around the world to present their latest achievements in Pattern Analysis and Recognition, applied Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning. The topic of the year is " Putting Artificial intelligence to work on Patterns". 
For the first time, ICPR has employed a two-round review process similar to journal submissions, with new papers allowed to be submitted in either the first or second round and papers submitted in the first round and not accepted allowed to be revised and re-submitted for second round review. 

In this edition of the **ICPR 2020** Conference, there are 1407 Oral/Poster presentations organized in five Tracks: 
- Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning for Pattern Analysis; 
- Biometrics, Human Analysis and Behavior Understanding; Computer Vision, Robotics and Intelligent Systems; 
- Document and Media Analysis; and 
- Image and Signal Processing. 

The **ICPR 2020** Main Conference program also includes 7 Keynotes from prominent world-renowned scientists, 8 Tutorials, 28 Demos, 8 Challenges, 2 Panels, as well as an Industry/Sponsor Exhibition. In addition, 41 Workshops on a range of important current and emerging research topics complete the ICPR 2020 program. 


It is a common assumption that the activation of different layers in neural networks follow Gaussian distribution. This distribution can be transformed using normalization techniques, such as batch-normalization, increasing convergence speed and improving accuracy. 
In this paper we would like to demonstrate, that activations do not necessarily follow Gaussian distribution in all layers. Neurons in deeper layers are more selective and specific which can result extremely large, out-of-distribution activations.

We will demonstrate that one can create more consistent mean and variance values for batch normalization during training by filtering out these activations which can further improve convergence speed and yield higher validation accuracy.

Filtered Batch Normalization

Expanding Non Markovian Reward Decision Processes (NMRDP) into Markov Decision Processes (MDP) enables the use of state of the art Reinforcement Learning (RL) techniques to identify optimal policies. In this paper an approach to exploring NMRDPs and expanding them into MDPs, without the prior knowledge of the reward structure, is proposed. The non Markovianity of the reward function is disentangled under the assumption that sets of similar and dissimilar trajectory batches can be sampled. More precisely, within the same batch, measuring the similarity between any couple of trajectories is permitted, although comparing trajectories from different batches is not possible. A modified version of the triplet loss is optimised to construct a representation of the trajectories under which rewards become Markovian.

Trajectory representation learning for NMRDP plannig

Mesh refinement is a fundamental step for accurate Multi-View Stereo. It modifies the geometry of an initial manifold mesh to minimize the photometric error induced in a set of camera pairs. This initial mesh is usually the output of volumetric 3D reconstruction based on min-cut over Delaunay Triangulations. Such methods produce a significant amount of non-manifold vertices, therefore they require a vertex split step to explicitly repair them. In this paper, we extend this method to preemptively fix the non-manifold vertices by reasoning directly on the Delaunay Triangulation and avoid most vertex splits. The main contribution of this paper addresses the problem of choosing the camera pairs adopted by the refinement process. We treat the problem as a mesh labeling process, where each label corresponds to a camera pair. Differently from the state-of-the-art methods, which use each camera pair to refine all the visible parts of the mesh, we choose, for each facet, the best pair that enforces both the overall visibility and coverage. The refinement step is applied for each facet using only the camera pair selected. This facetwise refinement helps the process to be applied in the most evenly way possible.

Facetwise Mesh Refinement for Multi-View Stereo


In low light condition, the captured color (RGB) images are highly degraded by noise with severe texture loss. In this paper, we propose deep fusion of RGB and NIR paired images in low light condition using convolutional neural networks (CNNs). The proposed deep fusion network consists of three independent sub-networks: DenoisingNet, EnhancingNet, and FusionNet. We build a denoising sub-network to eliminate noise from noisy RGB images. After denoising, we perform an enhancing sub-network to increase the brightness of low light RGB images. Since NIR image contains fine details, we fuse it with the Y channel of RGB image through a fusion sub-network. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method successfully fuses RGB and NIR images, and generates high quality fusion results containing textures and colors.

Deep Fusion of RGB and NIR Paired Images Using Convolutional Neural Networks


Historical watermark recognition is a highly practical, yet unsolved challenge for archivists and historians. With a large number of well-defined classes, cluttered and noisy samples, different types of representations, both subtle differences between classes and high intra-class variation, historical watermarks are also challenging for pattern recognition. In this paper, overcoming the difficulty of data collection, we present a large public dataset with more than 6k new photographs, allowing for the first time to tackle at scale the scenarios of practical interest for scholars: one-shot instance recognition and cross-domain one-shot instance recognition amongst more than 16k fine-grained classes. We demonstrate that this new dataset is large enough to train modern deep learning approaches, and show that standard methods can be improved considerably by using mid-level deep features. More precisely, we design both a matching score and a feature fine-tuning strategy based on filtering local matches using spatial consistency. This consistency-based approach provides
important performance boost compared to strong baselines. Our model achieves 55% top-1 accuracy on our very challenging 16,753-class one-shot cross-domain recognition task, each class described by a single drawing from the classic Briquet catalog. In addition to watermark classification, we show our approach provides promising results on fine-grained sketch-based image retrieval.

Large-Scale Historical Watermark Recognition: dataset and a new consistency-based approach

We tackle a novel problem of learning generators for cross-domain data under a specific scenario of low-shot learning. Basically, given a source domain with sufficient amount of training data, we aim to transfer the knowledge of its generative process to another target domain, which not only has few data samples but also contains the domain shift with respect to the source domain. This problem has great potential in practical use and is different from the well-known image translation task, as the target-domain data can be generated without requiring any source-domain ones and the large data consumption for learning target-domain generator can be alleviated. Built upon a cross-domain dataset where (1) each of the low shots in the target domain has its correspondence in the source and (2) these two domains share the similar content information but different appearance, two approaches are proposed: a Latent-Disentanglement-Orientated model (LaDo) and a Generative-Hierarchy-Oriented (GenHo) model. Our LaDo and GenHo approaches address the problem from different perspectives, where the former relies on learning the disentangled representation composed of domain-invariant content features and domain-specific appearance ones; while the later decomposes the generative process of a generator into two parts for synthesizing the content and appearance sequentially. We perform extensive experiments under various settings of cross-domain data and show the efficacy of our models for generating target-domain data with the abundant content variance as in the source domain, which lead to the favourable performance in comparison to several baselines.

Learning Low-Shot Generative Networks for Cross-Domain Data


Ultrasound is a non-invasive tool that is useful for medical diagnosis and treatment. To reduce long wait times and add convenience to patients, portable ultrasound scanning devices are becoming increasingly popular. These devices can be held in one hand, and are compatible with modern cell phones. However, the quality of ultrasound images captured from the portable scanners is relatively poor compared to standard ultrasound scanning systems in hospitals. To improve the quality of the ultrasound images obtained from portable ultrasound devices, we propose a new neural network architecture called Edge-guided Denoising Convolutional Neural Network (EDCNN), which can preserve significant edge information in ultrasound images when removing noise. We also study and compare the effectiveness of existing deep learning methods and classical filtering approaches in removing speckle noise in these images. Experimental results show that after applying the proposed EDCNN, various organs can be better recognized from ultrasound images. This approach is expected to lead to better accuracy in diagnostics in the future.

Edge-guided CNN for Denoising Images from Portable Ultrasound Devices


Autonomous vehicles and robots are typically equipped with Lidar and camera. Hence, calibrating the Lidar-camera system is of extreme importance for ego-motion estimation and scene understanding. In this paper, we propose a two-step approach (coarse + fine) for the external calibration between a camera and a multiple-line Lidar. First, a new closed-form solution is proposed to obtain the initial calibration parameters. We compare our solution with the state-of-the-art SVD-based algorithm, and show the benefits of both the efficiency and stability. With the initial calibration parameters, the ICP-based calibration framework is used to register the point clouds which extracted from the camera and Lidar coordinate frames, respectively. Our method has been applied to two Lidar-camera systems: an HDL-64E Lidar-camera system, and a VLP16 Lidar-camera system. Experimental results demonstrate that our method achieves promising performance and higher accuracy than two open-source methods.

A two-step approach to Lidar-Camera calibration

Accurate lane detection is critical for navigation in autonomous vehicles, particularly the active lane which demarcates the single road space that the vehicle is currently
traveling on. Recent state-of-the-art lane detection algorithms utilize convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to train deep learning models on popular benchmarks such as TuSimple and CULane. While each of these models works particularly well on train and test inputs obtained from the same dataset, the performance drops significantly on unseen datasets of different environments. In this paper, we present a real-time robust neural network output enhancement for active lane detection (RONELD) method to identify, track, and optimize active lanes from deep learning probability map outputs. We first adaptively extract lane points from the probability map outputs, followed by detecting curved and straight lanes before using weighted least squares linear regression on straight lanes to fix broken lane edges resulting from fragmentation of edge maps in real images. Lastly, we hypothesize true active lanes through tracking preceding frames. Experimental results demonstrate an up to two-fold increase in accuracy using RONELD on cross-dataset validation tests.

RONELD: Robust Neural Network Output Enhancment for Active Lane Detection


Scene text recognition is a challenging problem due to the wide variances in contents, styles, orientations, and image quality of text instances in natural scene images. To learn the intrinsic representation of scene texts, a novel multi-element attention (MEA) mechanism is proposed to exploit geometric structures from local to global levels in feature maps extracted from a scene text image. The MEA mechanism is a generalized form of self-attention technique. The elements in feature maps are taken as the nodes of an undirected graph, and three kinds of adjacency matrices are designed to aggregate information at local, neighborhood and global levels before calculating the attention weights. A multi-element attention network (MEAN) is implemented, which includes a CNN for feature extraction, an encoder with MEA mechanism and a decoder for predicting text codes. Orientational positional encoding is added to feature maps output by the CNN, and a feature vector sequence transformed from the feature maps is used as the input of the encoder. Experimental results show that MEAN has achieved state-of-the-art or competitive performance on seven public English scene text datasets (IIIT5k, SVT, IC03, IC13, IC15, SVTP, and CUTE). Further experiments have been conducted on a selected subset of the RCTW Chinese scene text dataset, demonstrating that MEAN can handle horizontal, vertical, and irregular scene text samples.

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