Netherlands

Studies have shown that readers who do not always experience an inner reading voice (less-IRV readers) move their eyes more freely and do more efficient silent reading than those who always experience IRV (full-IRV readers). This conclusion suggests that less-IRV readers may not be suited for studying with vocalization. In this study, forty students were assigned to full- and less-IRV reading groups. The main task in the experiment was to read short stories and answer comprehension tests. The reading materials comprised 12 stories, the same as those used by Morita and Takahashi (2019). Participants read them with audio assistance and answered three comprehension tests after reading each story. While reading the stories, the readers&#39; eye movements were recorded. The results of the eye-movement index showed no difference in eye movement patterns (fixation, fixation time, saccade size, regression) and comprehension between the two kinds of readers. We found no relationship between inner reading voice styles and eye movements in audio-assisted reading.

**Authors:**

Yefei Liang: Hiroshima University; Takumi Arima: Hiroshima University; Aiko Morita: Hiroshima University

CogSci 2024

Inner reading voice styles and eye movements during audio-assisted reading

### Welcome to The 63rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL 2025)

Message from the General Chair: 
*It is my great pleasure and honor to welcome you to the 63rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL 2025), held in beautiful Vienna, Austria, from July 27 to August 1, 2025. ACL2025continues our field’s tradition of excellence in scholarship, innovation, and inclusivity, and I am deeply grateful to the many volunteers who have worked tirelessly to bring this event to life.* 
[Read more](https://drive.google.com/file/d/1GI_hvOpjswAuYdUTromfeDiPpCcqidwg/view?usp=sharing)

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ACL 2025

Welcome to The 63rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL 2025)

Studies have shown that readers who do not always experience an inner reading voice (less-IRV readers) move their eyes more freely and do more efficient silent reading than those who always experience IRV (full-IRV readers). This conclusion suggests that less-IRV readers may not be suited for studying with vocalization. In this study, forty students were assigned to full- and less-IRV reading groups. The main task in the experiment was to read short stories and answer comprehension tests. The reading materials comprised 12 stories, the same as those used by Morita and Takahashi (2019). Participants read them with audio assistance and answered three comprehension tests after reading each story. While reading the stories, the readers' eye movements were recorded. The results of the eye-movement index showed no difference in eye movement patterns (fixation, fixation time, saccade size, regression) and comprehension between the two kinds of readers. We found no relationship between inner reading voice styles and eye movements in audio-assisted reading.

**Authors:**

Yefei Liang: Hiroshima University; Takumi Arima: Hiroshima University; Aiko Morita: Hiroshima University

poster

The 46th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society was an in-person meeting held in Rotterdam, The Netherlands at the Postillion Hotel & Conference Centre.

**ON-DEMAND PROGRAM ACCESS AFTER THE CONFERENCE** 
Recordings of the invited program are now available. You can access them by clicking on the 'Schedule' icon on the left. Select view by week and navigate to the day and time slot of the recording you wish to view. Click on the time slot to access the recording.

Recordings available (click on each recording to view):

**Thursday, July 25** 
0900: [Keynote Speaker Morgan Barense on Enhancing real-world event memory](https://underline.io/events/465/sessions/17997/lecture/99084-dynamics-between-minds-and-the-environment) 
1000: [Gleitman Award Winner Isabelle Dautriche on Language Foundations: Insights from acquisition, communication, cognition, and more](https://underline.io/events/465/sessions/18000/lecture/99085-gleitman-talk) 
1415: [Invited Symposium: Dynamics between minds and the environment](https://underline.io/events/465/sessions?eventSessionId=18016&searchGroup=lecture) 
1700: [Rumelhart Prize Presentation Speaker Alison Gopnik on Exploit, explore, empower: Three ages and three intelligences](https://underline.io/events/465/sessions/18028/lecture/99161-rp1-rumelhart-prize-presentation) 

**Friday, July 26** 
0900: [C.L. de Carvalho-Heineken Prize Keynote Speaker Kia Nobre on Focusing in memory](https://underline.io/events/465/sessions/18035/lecture/99162-hp1-c-l-de-carvalho-heineken-prize-keynote-address) 
1030: [Rumelhart Symposium: Childhood as exploration](https://underline.io/events/465/sessions/18038/lecture/100346-childhood-as-exploration) 
1415: [Elman Prize Symposium](https://underline.io/events/465/sessions?eventSessionId=18053&searchGroup=lecture) 
1600: [Invited Symposium: Dynamics between minds](https://underline.io/events/465/sessions?eventSessionId=18065&searchGroup=lecture) 
1745: [Keynote Speaker Andrea E. Martin on Neural dynamics encode the structure and statistics of language](https://underline.io/events/465/sessions/18077/lecture/99271-neural-dynamics-encode-the-structure-and-statistics-of-language) 

**Saturday, July 27** 
0900: [Keynote Speaker Gregor Schöner on How higher cognition emerges from the dynamics of strongly interacting neural populations](https://underline.io/events/465/sessions/18083/lecture/99273-dynamics-within-the-mind) 
1000: [Glushko Talks](https://underline.io/events/465/sessions?eventSessionId=18086&searchGroup=lecture) 
1500: [Invited Symposium: Dynamics within minds](https://underline.io/events/465/sessions?eventSessionId=18100&searchGroup=lecture) 


#### **CogSci 2024 Program Book**
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**The Program Book can be downloaded [here](https://drive.google.com/file/d/1yRVp1cBqRnAbdYi4GXWV_pZeyWNsRquv/view?usp=sharing).**

#### **Letter from the President**

Welcome to the 2024 Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society in Rotterdam! CogSci 2024 brings together a large community of cognitive scientists who have traveled here from around the world, as well as a smaller group of remote presenters. I would like to extend an especially warm welcome to our first-time CogSci meeting attendees, and hope that 
their experience inspires them to join our future meetings for many years to come.

I want to thank this year’s conference co-chairs, Larissa K Samuelson, Stefan Frank, Mariya Toneva, Allyson Mackey, and Eliot Hazeltine, for putting together an amazing series of invited talks and symposia around the theme of Dynamics of Cognition. The co-chairs also deserve credit for handling a record-breaking number of submissions and producing a truly exciting conference program 

Beyond the invited talks and symposia dedicated to this year’s conference theme, I would like to highlight the presentations and events honoring the 
Rumelhart, Elman, Gleitman and C .L . de Carvalho Heineken prize winners, including the Rumelhart reception on Thursday. As you may know, we are recording all of the invited talks and symposia, and all prize-winners’ talks, and will be making this content available after the conference. 

The Cognitive Science Society relies on the volunteer efforts of our Governing Board members who work on matters related to our membership; conference policies; diversity and inclusion, international, and outreach initiatives; prizes and much more. We welcome interest from Society members who would like to become more involved in what we do. The 
Society is deeply grateful to Rick Dale and Andrea Bender, who serve as editors of the two Society journals, Cognitive Science and Topics in Cognitive Science respectively. We especially acknowledge our editors’ generosity in donating their stipends each year to D&I and outreach efforts. 

This year’s Annual Meeting depends critically on the support of Marischal De Armond and his team at Podium Conference Specialists: Sharon Zwack, Cendrine De Vis, Sarah-Kate Burke, and Rachel Waller worked tirelessly to secure the venue and handled a multitude of logistical and organizational issues, from arranging coffee breaks and receptions to making sure that a huge number of posters fits comfortably into the available space. Finally, and importantly, I would like to acknowledge the Cognitive Science Society Executive Officer, Erica Wojcik, for managing the complex and ever expanding sphere of our Society’s activities.

I hope you enjoy this year’s meeting and the many different opportunities to engage with the vibrant community of cognitive scientists gathered here. I also hope you get a chance to explore the great city of Rotterdam with its many attractions, museums, restaurants and scenic views. If you’d like to talk more about our Society, or simply want to say hello, please stop by!

![](https://assets.underline.io/markdown_image/1/image/3c66d0e21fff30e204df1138ffd15173.jpeg)

**Anna Papafragou** 
President, Cognitive Science 
Society 2023-2024

**CODE OF CONDUCT** 
By attending the CogSci 2024 Conference, you are required to adhere to the society’s [Code of Conduct](https://drive.google.com/file/d/16-6KkptF0Gn3ZYGJDlpqpwTdImw45Ng0/view?usp=drive_link).

**ABOUT THE COGNITIVE SCIENCE SOCIETY** 
The Cognitive Science Society brings together researchers from around the world who hold a common goal: understanding the nature of the human mind. The mission of the Society is to promote Cognitive Science as a discipline, and to foster scientific interchange among researchers in various areas of study, including Artificial Intelligence, Linguistics, Anthropology, Psychology, Neuroscience, Philosophy, and Education.

The Society is a non-profit professional organization and its activities include sponsoring an annual conference and publishing the journals Cognitive Science and TopiCS.

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The 46th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society presents the latest research across cognitive science and highlights the theme of Cognition in Context.

Online mental health support plays a crucial role in addressing the mental health issues faced by modern individuals. However, delivering high-quality online mental health support presents a significant challenge. In response to this challenge, we introduce MentalBlend, a framework that leverages psychological counseling theories, including Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy, Dialectical Behavior Therapy, Person-Centered Therapy, and Reality Therapy, to guide large language models (LLMs) in offering professional online mental health support to individuals seeking assistance. Experimental evidence validates that the collaboration between LLMs and the MentalBlend framework results in the generation of responses that align with professional standards for online mental health support. Overall, our research aims to contribute to advancing the capabilities of LLMs in understanding the emotional backgrounds of help-seekers and delivering professional mental health support effectively.

**Authors:**

Ziyin Gu: University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Qingmeng Zhu: University of Chinese Academy of Sciences

MentalBlend: Enhancing Online Mental Health Support through the Integration of LLMs with Psychological Counseling Theories

Although decision-making processes are typically studied with isolated individuals in the laboratory to control external factors, we mostly make decisions in a social environment in the presence of other individuals. The aim of the current study was to investigate the effects of social conditions on individuals’ decision-making performance in economic and moral contexts. Forty-four pairs of participants of the same gender constituted the sample for this study. Each pair was required to complete both economic and moral tasks under three types of social conditions, namely, “individual,” “joint,” and “joint with gaze-cueing.” Furthermore, eye- and mouse-tracking technologies were utilized to record the participants’ responses to the decision tasks. We hypothesized that even a minimal social context would influence people’s decisions, as manifested in their gaze and mouse responses. The results revealed that the minimalist social condition in which participants do not communicate or interact with each other affected their decision-making performance.

**Authors:**

Pardis Aydin: Graduate School of Informatics, Middle East Technical University; Murat Perit Cakir: Middle East Technical University

Decision-Making Behaviour and Minimal Social Conditions: Economic versus Moral Choices

When individuals are pressed to make decisions quickly, their accuracy tends to decline, which is termed as speed-accuracy trade-off. But does this phenomenon extend to perceptual rating? In other words, do rapid judgments result in more extreme outcomes? To address this question, the study analyzed a global dataset covering 11,481 adult participants’ ratings of 120 targets across 45 countries. The hypothesis posited that the rating became more extreme if it took less time. The study firstly identified response time as a significant predictor in extremity of social judgments through a machine learning algorithm, XGBoost, with cultural variables emerging as the second most important predictor. Given the importance of response time, the study employed hierarchical general linear models to investigate whether faster decision-making correlates with more extreme ratings and how this effect varies across diverse cultural contexts. The findings revealed a significant global level effect, also showing considerable variance across eleven regions. This observed phenomenon is termed as the “speed-extremity trade-off,” and is strongest in the Middle East and weakest in East Southeast Asia and Scandinavia.

**Authors:**

Nan Wang: the Chinese University of Hong Kong

Quicker, extremer: a computational modeling of reaction time and rating in social evaluation of faces

This study presents ADViRDS, an innovative scale and dataset specifically developed for examining the psychological traits of domestic violence (DV) perpetrators. Recognizing the critical need to understand the psychological dynamics of perpetrators, our research shifts the focus from the experiences of DV victims to the characteristics of the perpetrators. Our approach involves a six-dimensional scale designed to detect the psychological traits of DV perpetrators, formulated with insights from established DV research and psychologists. To complement this scale, we constructed a detailed dataset containing 591 individual entries from the Chinese social media platform "Zhihu." Each entry was carefully annotated by experienced professionals, ensuring a high degree of accuracy and relevance. We conducted a comprehensive analysis using a range of models, including Zero-Shot classification, GPT series, and fine-tuned pre-trained models, to evaluate their effectiveness in identifying individuals with psychological predispositions to DV. The findings reveal significant insights into the models' capabilities, highlighting the nuances in detecting DV tendencies through psychological profiling. Our research offers a new paradigm in DV studies, focusing on the psychological traits of perpetrators for a comprehensive understanding of DV dynamics and prevention.

**Authors:**

Chengwei Tong: University of Science and Technology of China; Mengzhuo Guo: University of Science and Technology of China; Yao Tian: University of Science and Technology of China; Mengzhu Zhang: Anhui Medical University; Yangyang Li: Academy of Cyber; Chunyan Zhu: Department of Psychology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, The School of Mental Health and Psychological Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.; Jie Bao: University of Science and Technology of China; Rongrong Sheng: Anhui Medical University; Qianqian Li: Department of Psychology and Sleep Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University; Yong Liao: University of Science and Technology of China

ADViRDS: Assessment of Domestic Violence Risk Dataset and Scale on Social Media

The digital environment has a significant impact on our everyday lives, but there is a lack of studies on how it affects cognitive processes like attention and working memory (WM). This study aims to compare attention and WM in digital and non-digital environments. In Experiment 1, we compared attention and working memory under paper and computer-based environment tasks. The findings showed that under non-digital condition attentional sustainability and visual working memory were better. In Experiment 2, we examined attentional shifting and sustainability at different levels of digital saturation (the presence of perceptual feedback on a website). Attentional sustainability was better in a saturated condition, but attentional shifting was not affected. Thus, the real environment is suggested to be superior due to lower saturation and higher motor-visual coherence. Digital saturation, along with the ACD idea, can guide attention. These results have applications for enhancing the user experience with interfaces.

**Authors:**

Anastasia Anufrieva: HSE University

Visual working memory, attentional sustainability and shifting in digital versus non-digital environment: the role of perceptual feedback

Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) has been a fundamental task for human language understanding. In specific contexts, a word may have different meanings. For rarely seen word senses, the disambiguation becomes challenging with limited examples. Meta-learning, as a widely adopted machine learning method for few-shot learning, addresses this by extracting metacognitive knowledge from training data, aiding models in "learning to learn". Hence, the advancement of meta-learning hinges on leveraging high-quality metacognitive knowledge. In light of this, we propose a Bi-Branch Meta-Learning method for WSD to enrich and accumulate metacognitive insights. Our method employs two branches during training and testing. During training, we use a bi-branch loss with original and augmented data from large language models to compensate for data scarcity. In testing, information from base classes generates bi-branch scores to refine predictions. Experiments show our method achieves a 74.3 F1 score in few-shot scenarios, demonstrating its potential for few-shot WSD.

**Authors:**

Qingying Chen: Tianjin University; Jing Zhang: Tianjin University; Peng Zhang: Tianjin University; Hui Gao: Tianjin University

Bi-Branch Meta-Learning for Few-Shot Word Sense Disambiguation

In studies of song corpora, longer vowels have been shown to be preferentially aligned with longer notes in textsetting. Here we test this alignment preference in English in an experimental setting and replicate the finding for duration in a task where participants constructed a textsetting by placing target words in appropriate slots. We test two types of vowel duration: intrinsic duration and vowel duration that is contextually determined by the voicing of the following consonant. We show that both of these types of duration have an effect on textsetting preferences.

**Authors:**

Nicole Gilroy: Carleton University; Lev Blumenfeld: Carleton University; Ida Toivonen: Carleton University

Both intrinsic and allophonic vowel duration matter in textsetting

The effect of syntactic priming exhibits three well-documented empirical properties: the lexical boost, the inverse frequency effect, and the asymmetrical decay. We aim to show how these three empirical phenomena can be reconciled in a general learning framework, the hierarchical Bayesian model (HBM). The model represents syntactic knowledge in a hierarchical structure of syntactic statistics, where a lower level represents the verb-specific biases of syntactic decisions, and a higher level represents the abstract bias as an aggregation of verb-specific biases. This knowledge is updated in response to experience by Bayesian inference. In simulations, we show that the HBM captures the above-mentioned properties of syntactic priming. The results indicate that some properties of priming which are usually explained by a residual activation account can also be explained by an implicit learning account. We also discuss the model's implications for the lexical basis of syntactic priming.

**Authors:**

Weijie Xu: University of California, Irvine; Richard Futrell: UC Irvine

A hierarchical Bayesian model for syntactic priming

The "shape bias" -- the bias to generalize new nouns by their shape rather than other features such as color or texture -- has been argued to facilitate early noun learning for children. However, there is conflicting evidence about the magnitude and nature of this bias, as well as how it changes developmentally and how it varies across cultures. In this paper, we synthesize evidence about the shape bias using meta-analysis and meta-regression. We find strong overall evidence for the shape bias, but the literature is dominated by studies of English-speaking children, making it difficult to assess cross-cultural differences. Large between-study heterogeneity also highlights procedural variation in the literature. Overall, publication bias, heterogeneity, and data sparsity may limit the ability to distinguish theoretical accounts of the shape bias.

**Authors:**

Samah O Abdelrahim: Stanford University; Michael C. Frank: Stanford University

Examining the robustness and generalizability of the shape bias: a meta-analysis

This study compared the influence of visuospatial experience and both immediate and long-term effects of spatial-temporal metaphors on temporal cognition through spontaneous gesture tasks with categorized Chinese temporal words. Native Mandarin speakers and Mandarin learners of near-native proficiency behaved similarly: (1) Both groups produced horizontal, vertical, sagittal, fused horizontal and vertical, and fused horizontal and sagittal gestures for all kinds of Chinese temporal words, showing a strong preference for horizontal over vertical gestures. This preference was influenced by visuosaptial experience than by metaphors, underscoring the greater influence of the former. (2) Negligible correlations between immediate spatial-temporal metaphors and the mental timelines were observed, with an almost non-existent difference in gesture distribution across metaphorical types between the two groups. This implies that gestures formed by long-term effect of language, such as vertical dimensions, may operate beyond the immediate metaphors，similar to the horizontal gestures. The similarity in temporal cognition between two groups further highlights the powerful long-term influence of metaphors. Accordingly，A unified model proposing embodied experience as the mechanism for activating mental timelines is presented.

**Authors:**

Chunying Wu: Peking University; Lingyue Kong: Peking university; Xiao Ke: Lancaster University

Surpassing Immediate Spatio-temporal Metaphors: The Enduring Impact of Language and Visuospatial Experience on Temporal Cognition in Native and Near-Native Mandarin Speakers

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