Canada

Advancements in Ultrasound techniques such as Transcranial ultrasound or TCS, led us to detect Structural disturbances such as echogenicity changes of the brain raphe, as well as the assessment of the diameter of the third ventricle, in many psychiatric disorders such as type 2 bipolar mood disorders, major unipolar depression, psychosis as well as organic - neurodegenerative disorders, etc. Various similar studies indicated that tissue degeneration involved in functional neurons of the serotonergic and dopaminergic systems in the limbic system, brainstem networks. There is a lack of consensus among researchers in previous studies on type 1 bipolar mood disorder, which guided us to conduct our research. In this observational case-control study,80 samples, including 27 patients with confirmed nonpsychotic type 1 bipolar disorder, hospitalized at the psychiatric ward and 53 subjects in the correlated healthy control group, were randomly selected. Respectively Transcranial ultrasound or TCS was performed in order to find out the disturbances of brain stem Raphe Echogenicity and also determining the 3rd ventricular diameter. Considering the disappearance of the structure as abnormal structure, 9 (33.3%) of patients and in comparison with the control group, 5 subjects (9%) showed a significant depletion in RN echogenicity. Also, 7 patients and 3 controlled subjects showed a significant third ventricular diameter elevation. In this study, we concluded that the echogenicity of brain stem Raphe was significantly reduced (p-value: 0.008) and the Diameter of the third ventricular significantly increased (p-value: 0.01) among the nonpsychotic type 1 bipolar patients comparing to the healthy correlated control group.

CAN-ACN 2021

Mesencephalic transcranial ultrasound in patients with type 1 bipolar mood disorder showed Raphe nucleus hypoechogenicity and 3rd ventricle diameter elevation in comparison with the control group.

transcranial sonography

diameter of the third ventricle

raphe nucleus

type 1 bipolar mood disorder

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Colleagues and Friends:

I am very happy to welcome you to the 14th annual Canadian Neuroscience Meeting, and to the first virtual edition of our meeting. I want to highlight the important work the CAN meeting chair, **Roger Thompson** and co-chair, **Alyson Fournier**, did to put together the great program we are offering this year. Moving to a virtual format required a complete re-design of the program, and both Roger and Alyson did a splendid job in providing us with an appealing and well adapted program for our first virtual event. I wish to thank them for this very important effort.

Highlights of this year’s scientific meeting include invited speakers **Michael Hausser, Franck Polleux, Gwyneth Card, Magdalena Götz**and Brain Prize winner **Huda Zoghbi**. Plenary and parallel symposia, proposed by our members complete our diverse [scientific program.](https://can-acn.org/meeting-2021/program-2021/)

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14th Canadian Neuroscience Meeting from August 23rd-25th

Cortical processing depends on finely-tuned excitatory and inhibitory connections in neuronal microcircuits. Reduced inhibition by somatostatin-expressing interneurons is a key component of altered inhibition associated with treatment-resistant major depressive disorder (depression), which is implicated in cognitive deficits and rumination, but the link remains to be better established mechanistically in humans. Here, we tested the impact of reduced somatostatin interneuron inhibition on cortical processing in human neuronal microcircuits using a data-driven computational approach. We integrated human cellular, circuit and gene-expression data to generate detailed models of human cortical microcircuits in health and depression. We simulated microcircuit baseline and response activity and found reduced signal-to-noise ratio and increased false/failed detection of stimuli due to a higher baseline activity in depression. Our results thus applied novel models of human cortical microcircuits to demonstrate mechanistically how reduced inhibition impairs cortical processing in depression, providing quantitative links between altered inhibition and cognitive deficits.

Reduced inhibition in depression impairs stimulus processing in human cortical microcircuits

Coordinating speed and steering is essential to navigate the environment. Speed is controlled by the Mesencephalic Locomotor Region (MLR), which generates forward motion by symmetrically activating a set of reticulospinal neurons. Recent studies uncovered that steering is controlled at least in part by distinct reticulospinal neurons controlled by the superior colliculus, which processes visuomotor transformations. Whether animals can brake and turn during ongoing MLR stimulations is poorly documented. Using in vivo optogenetics, we show that mice can brake and turn during stimulation of the cuneiform nucleus, a subpart of the MLR. Using deep learning-based movement analysis, we show that the footfall pattern and limb kinematics are normal during optogenetically-evoked locomotion. We also show that increasing laser power increased locomotor speed. In the open field arena, mice could perform sharp 90° turns when approaching a corner during stimulation of the cuneiform nucleus. Turns were associated with a slowdown that was scaled to the locomotor speed when entering the corner. Mice used less sharp turning angles at faster speeds. Our results indicate that the animal could integrate environmental cues during MLR-evoked locomotion to adjust speed and motion direction, thus ensuring smooth navigation. Our study suggests that stimulation of the cuneiform nucleus may be a relevant clinical target to improve locomotor performance without restricting the ability to perform braking and steering maneuvers in pathological states such as Parkinson's disease.

Optogenetic activation of glutamatergic neurons in the cuneiform nucleus controls locomotor speed without preventing braking or turning maneuvers in mice

The sound-induced flash illusion (SIFI), the misperception of flash number when presented with an incongruent number of clicks, has been studied almost exclusively using a forced-choice task. Compared to forced-choice tasks, Go/No-Go tasks remove the need for response selection. Understanding the audiovisual interaction under different cognitive loads will pave the way for studies in different development trajectories (e.g. cochlear implant). The task was to discriminate 1 vs. 2 flashes of Gabor stimuli at threshold contrast while ignoring the sound of clicks (0, 1 or 2). Participants were told to make two-alternative forced-choice 2AFC (i.e. left-for-1 and right-for-2) or Go/No-Go responses (either Go-for-1 or Go-for-2) in three separated blocks with order counterbalanced between participants. In all conditions, participants reported more "two-flash" in 2-click trials and vice versa in 1-click trials, when compared to 0-click trials. Furthermore, the effect in 2-click trials was larger in the Go-for-1 task compared to the Go-for-2 and 2AFC tasks. The effect in 1-click trials did not differ among tasks. Repeated measures model indicates that both click number (F1,19=42.06, p<.001) and task type (F1,19=38.00, p<.001) have significant impacts on accuracy. Despite the SIFI being established for 20 years, there has yet to be a departure from the forced-choice task design measuring the illusion. The differences in SIFI effect based on different task designs show that how the illusion is measured can affect the outcome. The basis for this difference is the subject of future work.

Sound-induced flash illusion in forced-choice and go/no-go tasks

During early postnatal development the visual system exhibits a heightened capacity for neural plasticity in which the structure and function of neural circuits can be modified by changes in visual experience. The composition of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) plays a major role in regulating the capacity for neural plasticity by altering the threshold for synaptic modification. The current study was designed to examine the role that the NMDAR subunit composition plays in the enhancement of plasticity that results from brief immersion in complete darkness. A novel method employing multiplex immunolabeling was developed to quantify NMDAR subunit composition in thin tissue slices from the cat visual system. This approach preserves in situ protein distribution and permitted an investigation of layer-specific receptor changes. Receptor subunit composition was examined in a group of age-matched normal control cats, as well as cats that were exposed to a short (10 day) period of darkness to eliminate visually-driven activity and enhance plasticity capacity. We found that darkness shifted NMDAR subunit composition toward the neonatal isoform in both visual cortex and the lateral geniculate nucleus. This was a generalized shift observed across cortical and thalamic layers. These results further implicate modifications of the NMDAR subunit composition, stimulated by reduced neural activity, as a factor underlying the enhancement of plasticity linked to dark immersion.

Investigation of darkness-induced modification of NMDA receptors within the primary visual pathway

Despite its known importance in most other sensory systems, the role of synchrony remains to be explored in somatosensation. Spike synchrony is vital for signal propagation between low-threshold mechanoreceptors (LTMRs) and their postsynaptic targets, but the influence of different tactile stimuli on LTMR spike synchrony remains unclear. In response to a periodic stimulus like vibration, synchronous spiking across neurons relies on the timing of spikes relative to the phase of the stimulus cycle (i.e. precision) and the probability of a spike occurring on each cycle (i.e. reliability). As such, through in vivo extracellular recordings in rodents, we measured the reliability and precision of rapid adapting (RA)- and slow adapting (SA)-LTMR responses to vibrotactile stimuli to infer synchronization of spiking across neurons. Results showed that SA and RA afferents synchronize at different frequency ranges. Interestingly, population synchrony was lost at low and high frequencies due to a loss of spiking precision or reliability, respectively. To explore the mechanisms supporting synchrony loss at each frequency extreme, we developed generalized linear models of LTMRs. Differences in the fitted model parameters demonstrate that a shorter refractory period gives RAs the unique ability to respond to and synchronize at high frequencies. The findings of this study strengthen our understanding of synchrony in somatosensory coding and the resulting models allow for efficient exploration of the mechanisms underlying tactile signal processing.

The role of synchronous spiking in the encoding of vibrotactile stimuli by low-threshold mechanoreceptors

Peripheral nerve injury elicts plastic changes in spinal nociceptive circuits, resulting in allodynia and the development of chronic neuropathic pain (CNP). Eventually, this state causes maladaptive changes in nociceptive circuits in the brain, frequently leading to increased anxiety and depression comorbidities in CNP patients. Little is known about the precise role of spinal projection neurons in the transmission of CNP-evoked plastic changes from the spinal cord to the brain. We recently characterised a population of spinal dorsal horn projection neurons that express the transcription factor Phox2a, whose spinal cord-specific loss (Phox2aSpC) results in impaired innervation of brain targets and a reduction of nocifensive behaviours that require such connections. To determine the role of this molecularly defined population of projection neurons in CNP, spared nerve injury (SNI) was induced in Phox2aSpC and control mice. The development of mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity, as well as increase in neuronal cFos expression at spinal levels did not differ significantly between these two groups. However, SNI-evoked licking response to cold allodynia was attenuated in Phox2aSpC mice, compared to controls. The analysis of the impact of SNI on neuronal and microglial activity in the parabrachial nucleus and cognitive behaviours in Phox2aSpC mice is pending. Together, our results argue that the normal function of spinal Phox2a projection neurons are required for the development of supraspinal effects of SNI and may constitute a therapeutic target for relief of CNP.

Spinal Phox2a projection neurons relay spared nerve injury-induced neuronal plasticity changes from the spinal cord to the brain

Neurons of the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC) integrate nutritional signals to modulate energy balance. Evidences suggest that the underlying mechanisms involve the release of fatty acids (FA) from intracellular lipid droplets (LD). This model is supported by data from our lab showing that neurons can form and accumulate triglycerides in LD. In addition, our data and single-cell RNAseq studies show that Adipose Triglyceride Lipase (ATGL) is expressed in ARC pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) neurons that play a crucial role in energy balance. Thus, we propose that ATGL in ARC POMC neurons is involved in energy balance control by regulating LD lipolysis. To test this, we quantified LD and oxidation of FA in hypothalamic neurons (cell lines and primary cultures) treated with oleate, forskolin (ATGL activator in adipose tissues), or Atglistatin (ATGL inhibitor). Also, we generated POMC specific ATGL KO mice (Cre-Lox) which were subjected to metabolic phenotyping. Our results show that hypothalamic neurons accumulate LD in response to Atglistatin/oleate, forskolin decreases LDs via ATGL and Atglistatin decreases the oxidation rate of LD-derived FA. Our lipidomics data show that palmitate and oleate are the major FA in neuronal LD. In our mouse model, ATGL KO in POMC neurons does not affect body weight or food intake in chow-fed males. These animals will be subjected to metabolic challenges (high fat diet) to assess the role of ATGL in adaptive metabolic responses. Our data show for the first time that hypothalamic neurons can accumulate LD and that ATGL activates LD lipolysis.

Feeling hungry? The role of fat stores in hypothalamic neurons on energy balance

Social defeat is a preclinical model to study the effects of chronic psychosocial stress in rodents, as it recapitulates many stress-induced pathologies observed in humans, including metabolic changes. This model, however, is based off male territorial aggression that is not applicable to female rodents. To investigate how females respond to psychosocial stress, we tested two adaptations to the social defeat paradigm to study the effect of chronic stress on metabolism in females. In the first paradigm, fighting females, a female and castrated male CD-1 are cohoused for several days, priming the CD-1 female to display territorial behaviors towards an intruding C57 female mouse. In the second paradigm, non-discriminatory social defeat, we introduced a C57 male and female simultaneously to a CD-1 male mouse. The intruding male provokes territorial aggression towards both the male and female mice. We tested both paradigms for 21-days and gave mice access to chow and a high fat diet, ad lib. Females in the non-discriminatory model displayed changes to hormone levels and metabolism commonly associated with chronic stress. These mice increased their consumption of the standard chow diet, high in carbohydrates, when stressed and had elevated ghrelin and corticosterone levels. Females from the fighting female's paradigm, however, did not display the same markers of chronic stress. Our results highlight discrepancies in the magnitude of stress elicited by each paradigm, with the second paradigm inducing metabolic changes in females commonly observed in males following social defeat.

Chronic stress & metabolism in females: evaluating two novel models of female social defeat stress

Circadian rhythms, 24-hour oscillations within an organism generated by biological clocks, keep temporal order of molecular, physiological, and behavioral processes with respect to daily changes in the environment, thus enabling systemic homeostasis and proper function of the biological system. A multi-oscillatory network of circadian pacemakers, comprising a central clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus, and peripheral clocks located in other brain regions and tissues throughout the body, sustains tissue-specific rhythms, such as in the striatum. The striatum, a region of the basal ganglia that receives dopaminergic input from the midbrain, controls motor functions and behavioral processes related to mood and reward. Proper function of the striatum is presumably maintained by a mutual interaction of components of the circadian clock and the dopamine signalling pathway. Using a conditional knockout of the core clock gene Bmal1 within medium spiny neurons (MSNs) of the striatum, we assessed the molecular, physiological, and behavioural consequences of striatal clock malfunction. Male and female knockout mice showed deficits in motor coordination and control, but were less affected in mood-related tests. Daily rhythms of gene expression, primarily targeting the circadian clockwork and cell signalling pathways, were also studied, in addition to measurements of mitochondrial respiration in MSNs. Preliminary results indicate changes in molecular and physiological processes in MSNs of knockout animals, that may contribute to the observed behavioural phenotypes.

Molecular and behavioural consequences of a striatal bmal1 knockout in mice

Gonadal and adrenal steroids play a fundamental homeostatic role in the brain, maintaining the hippocampal-neocortical circuitry, which is important for learning, memory and mood regulation. Previous work in our laboratory has demonstrated changes in hippocampal dendritic morphology in males, but not females, following gonadectomy. Acute glucocorticoid exposure in male rats mirrored this effect, suggesting that surgical stress results in pruning of the hippocampal CA3 apical dendrites. The consequences of short-term stress in females have not been as well characterized. We investigated the effects of acute glucocorticoid exposure in cycling female Sprague-Dawley rats by treatment with the synthetic glucocorticoid Dexamethasone (DEX) in the drinking water for 16h, at a dose designed to mimic the effects of acute stress. The animals were sacrificed during proestrus, when circulating estradiol (E) levels are at a maximum. DEX significantly decreased apical dendritic spine density in CA1 and CA3 at 1 and 5 days following treatment. The dendritic branching patterns and length were significantly increased in CA3 dendrites at 1 day. These effects were accompanied by increased phosphorylation of the MAPK signaling proteins, ERK and JNK, as well as increased levels of the ERK-specific phosphatase, DUSP6. These results indicate differences between the sexes in the effects of brief glucocorticoid exposure on hippocampal neuronal structure, possibly as a result of E-induced increases in the activity of the MAP kinase pathways involved in dendrite growth, in females but not in males.

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Reduced inhibition in depression impairs stimulus processing in human cortical microcircuits

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