United States

This study examines how linguistic knowledge is manifested in eye movements in reading, focusing on the effect of two key word properties: frequency and surprisal, on three progressively longer standard fixation measures: First Fixation, Gaze Duration and Total Fixation. Comparing English L1 speakers to a large and linguistically diverse group of English L2 speakers, we obtain the following results. 1) Word property effects on reading times are larger in L2 than in L1. 2) Differences between L1 and L2 speakers are substantially larger in the response to frequency than to surprisal. 3) The functional form of the relation between fixation times and frequency and surprisal in L2 is superlinear. 4) In L2 speakers, proficiency modulates frequency effects as a U shaped function. We discuss the implications of these results on theory of language processing and acquisition, as well as the general interpretation of frequency and surprisal effects in reading.

CogSci 2021

Eye Movement Traces of Linguistic Knowledge

The 45th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society will take place in Sydney, Australia as a modified hybrid conference. Presentations from the main-session room will be live-streamed every day for all events. This will include all invited talks and award sessions. Recordings of all CogSci 2023 sessions will be made available for on-demand viewing after the conference.<br>
The in-person component will be held at the International Convention Centre Sydney at Darling Harbour. The Conference will take place Wednesday July 26th – Saturday July 29th, 2023 (Wednesday, July 26th is the Workshops Day).

Join us!

<br>[**The Program at a Glance can be found here**](https://cognitivesciencesociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/COgSci-PAAG-V2.pdf)
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CogSci 2023

The 45th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society presents the latest research across cognitive science and highlights the theme of Cognition in Context.

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**Dear Colleagues,**

Welcome to the 43rd Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society! 

This year’s conference brings together the latest research from all Cognitive Science and also highlights this year’s theme **Comparative Cognition: Animal Minds.** 

The program features four plenary speakers: Friederike Range (University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna), Onur Güntürkün (Ruhr University Bochum), Julia Fischer (University of Göttingen), and Erich Jarvis (The Rockefeller University). The keynotes and invited symposia showcase the broad spectrum of ideas that encompass the conference theme of comparative cognition. 

Further, the program includes the Rumelhart Prize keynote presentation by Susan Goldin-Meadow (University of Chicago), and symposia to celebrate the winner of the Elman Prize: Wei Ji Ma (New York University), the Heineken Award winner Robert Zatorre (McGill University), and the Robert J. Glushko Dissertation Prizes session.

The program committee for CogSci 2021 received 1,025 submissions, including 710 full papers, 275 member abstracts, 8 publication-based talks, as well as 15 proposals for symposia, and 17 for workshops and tutorials. After a rigorous review process, the committee selected 152 papers for oral presentation and inclusion in the conference proceedings (14.8%), 332 papers for poster presentation and inclusion in the proceedings (32.4%), and 175 papers for poster presentation with inclusion of abstracts in the proceedings (17.1%) We also selected 275 submitted member abstracts. In addition, we accepted 6 publication-based talks, 12 symposia, and 9 workshops and tutorials to make for an exciting and inclusive program.

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The Cognitive Science Society brings together researchers from around the world who hold a common goal: understanding the nature of the human mind. The mission of the Society is to promote Cognitive Science as a discipline, and to foster scientific interchange among researchers in various areas of study, including Artificial Intelligence, Linguistics, Anthropology, Psychology, Neuroscience, Philosophy, and Education. The Society is a non-profit professional organization and its activities include sponsoring an annual conference and publishing the journals Cognitive Science and TopiCS.

Liao et al. (2020) reported an eye-movement experiment in which subtitles were displayed at three different rates, with a key finding being that, with increasing speeds, participants made fewer, shorter fixations and longer saccades. To understand why these eye-movement behaviors might be adaptive, we completed simulations using the E-Z Reader model (Reichle et al., 2012) to examine how subtitle speed might affect word identification and sentence comprehension, as well as the efficacy of six possible compensatory reading strategies. These simulations suggest that the imposition of a lexical-processing deadline and/or strategy of skipping short words may support reading comprehension in impoverished conditions.

Using Simulations to Understand the Reading of Rapidly Displayed Subtitles

Visual and auditory channels have different affordances and this is mirrored in what information is available for linguistic encoding. The visual channel has high spatial acuity, whereas the auditory channel has better temporal acuity. These differences may lead to different conceptualizations of events and affect multimodal language production. Previous studies of motion events typically present visual input to elicit speech and gesture. The present study compared events presented as audio-only, visual-only, or multimodal (visual+audio) input and assessed speech and co-speech gesture for path and manner of motion in Turkish. Speakers with audio-only input mentioned path more and manner less in verbal descriptions, compared to speakers who had visual input. There was no difference in the type or frequency of gestures across conditions, and gestures were dominated by path-only gestures. This suggests that input modality influences speakers’ encoding of path and manner of motion events in speech, but not in co-speech gestures.

Sensory Modality of Input Influences the Encoding of Motion Events in Speech But Not Co-Speech Gestures

The claim that contextual knowledge exerts a top-down influence on sensory processing is supported by evidence for lexically-mediated compensation for coarticulation (LCfC) in spoken language processing. In this phenomenon, a lexically restored context phoneme (e.g., the final phoneme in Christma# or fooli#) influences perception of a subsequent target phoneme (e.g., a phoneme ambiguous between /t/ and /k/). A recent report shows that carefully vetted materials produce robust, replicable LCfC effects in younger adults (18-34 years old). Here, we asked whether we would observe LCfC in a sample of older adults (aged 60+). This is of interest because older adults must often contend with age-related declines in sensory processing, with previous research suggesting that older adults may compensate for age-related changes by relying more strongly on contextual knowledge. We observed robust LCfC effects in younger and older samples, with no significant difference in the effect size between age groups.

Lexically-Mediated Compensation for Coarticulation in Older Adults

This study investigated the extent to which varying interword spacing influences eye movement during reading in Arabic. Previous works conducted in Latin-script languages suggested that interword spaces facilitated word recognition. On the other hand, word recognition was inhibited when interword spaces were either removed or replaced by other characters (Rayner et al., 1998; Sheridan et al., 2013). We focused on the influence of interword spaces on reading Arabic which is characterized by the use of interword spaces and the position-informative allographic system. Based on an eye tracking experiment in which subjects read Arabic sentences presented in three levels of interword spacing and two levels of target word frequency, we found that eliminating interword spaces did not significantly inhibit reading, yet widening interword spaces exerted a facilitative effect. We argued that the effect of eliminating interword spaces was compensated by the ligating properties of Arabic letters during sentence reading, i.e. Arabic ligatures were position-informative which provided sufficient visual cues for word recognition regardless of the presence of interword spaces.

Eye movements when reading spaced and unspaced texts in Arabic

In recent years, the brain and cognitive sciences have made great strides developing a mechanistic understanding of object recognition in mature brains. Despite this progress, fundamental questions remain about the origins and computational foundations of object recognition. What learning algorithms underlie object recognition in newborn brains? Since newborn animals learn largely through unsupervised learning, we explored whether unsupervised learning algorithms can be used to predict the view-invariant object recognition behavior of newborn chicks. Specifically, we used feature representations derived from unsupervised deep neural networks (DNNs) as inputs to cognitive models of categorization. We show that features derived from unsupervised DNNs make competitive predictions about chick behavior compared to supervised features. More generally, we argue that linking controlled-rearing studies to image-computable DNN models opens new experimental avenues for studying the origins and computational basis of object recognition in newborn animals.

Modeling Object Recognition in Newborn Chicks using Deep Neural Networks

Representational Similarity Analysis (RSA) is a powerful tool for linking brain activity patterns to cognitive processes via similarity, allowing researchers to identify the neural substrates of different cognitive levels of representation. However, the ability to map between levels of representation and brain activity using similarity depends on underlying assumptions about the dynamics of cognitive processing. To demonstrate this point, we present three toy models that make different assumptions about the interactivity within the reading system, (1) discrete, feedforward, (2) cascading, feedforward and (3) fully interactive. With the temporal resolution of fMRI, only the discrete, feedforward model provides a straightforward mapping between activation similarity and level of representation. These simulations indicate the need for a cautious interpretation of RSA results, especially with processes that are highly interactive and with neuroimaging methods that have low temporal resolution. The study further suggests a role for fully-fleshed out computational models in RSA analyses.

Challenges for using Representational Similarity Analysis to Infer Cognitive Processes: A Demonstration from Interactive Activation Models of Word Reading

Processing differences between obligatory constituents like verbal complements and facultative ones like adjuncts are widely discussed in psycholinguistics. But the relative positional and semantic variability of adjuncts makes analyzing these differences a daunting challenge. Focusing on the intricate problem of the default position of manner adverbials in German, we present a re-analysis of a recent psycholinguistic study on their ordering preferences in which we explore the extent to which similarities between word embeddings can be used as stand-ins for shared semantic memory, representing the probability of seamless conceptual combination. In re-analyzing six experiments across different paradigms, the addition of the new predictors yields substantially better models which show that these factors considerably interact with established lexical and grammatical predictors.

Disentangling factors in the placement of manner adverbials in German: the effect of distributional similarity

We explore the impact of learning sequence on performance in a rule-plus-exception categorization task. Behavioural results indicate that exception categorization accuracy improves when exceptions are introduced later in learning, after exposure to rule-following stimuli. Simulations of this task using a neural network model of hippocampus and its subfields replicate these behavioural findings. Representational similarity analysis of the model’s hidden layers suggests that model representations are also impacted by trial sequence. These results provide novel computational evidence of hippocampus’s sensitivity to learning sequence and further support this region’s proposed role in category learning.

Learning exceptions to the rule in human and model via hippocampal encoding

This is a modern horror story about an innocently misbehaving
projector, and why we beseech everyone to report minimal col-
orimetric data about stimulus displays. We present anecdotal
experience of configuring a projector to display video stimuli
in a high-tesla MRI room, along with all the gotchas, (broken)
technical assumptions, and theoretical rehashings that should
be considered by every scientist who uses computers to dis-
play visual stimuli. The moral of our story is: (1) check that
your monitor/projector is actually showing the colors and lu-
minances that you think it is, (2) make explicit assumptions
regarding the physical/perceptual space of your stimuli and
how they relate to any model analysis you will perform. This
is especially important when modeling non-human animals,
since most equipment and data formats implicitly assume hu-
man perception. We show that innocent changes to display
settings such as brightness reduction can cause dangerously
unexpected results. Understanding and reporting colorimetric
data in scientific publications is important for two reasons: (1)
reproducibility, and (2) model fidelity.

Why We Should Report Colorimetric Data In Every Paper

The basal ganglia (BG) performs an important functional role in cognition, but models disagree about the nature of the relationship between BG activity and activity in other cortical areas. Previous computational models can be categorized as implementing the effects of the BG on prefrontal cortex as either local and direct, or involving other regions and, therefore, modulatory. To test which of these two effects best represents the role of the BG, a large fMRI dataset of 200 participants performing six, representative cognitive tasks was analyzed through Dynamic Causal Modeling (DCM). To ensure that DCM models were realistic and representative of a general brain architecture, the models were implemented within the putative neural underpinnings of the Common Model of Cognition, an abstract blueprint for cognition. The comparison showed that Mixed model, including both Direct and Modulatory connectivity, consistently outperformed models that included only direct or modulatory connections. It was also found that the relative rankings of the Direct and Modulatory models depended on the specific task, suggesting that the BG is a flexible system that adapts to task demands.

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Using Simulations to Understand the Reading of Rapidly Displayed Subtitles

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