United Kingdom

Background: 6 months Exposure to Cigarette smoke 6 months Exposure to Sham-cigarette smoke 2. CS Group 1. Control Group Sarcopenia is a major comorbidity in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)1, which has been associated to decreased physical activity. Cigarette smoke (CS) is the leading cause of COPD promoting peripheral muscle wasting and dysfunction. Anabolic and catabolic processes have been associated to sarcopenia in these patients, however the role of intramuscular extracellular matrix (ECM) has not been investigated2. Fibronectin is a glycoprotein ECM, essential for the adhesion of myoblasts on their ECM niche. Ageing of the skeletal muscle has been linked to decreased expression of intramuscular fibronectin and to reduced sensitivity of its receptor (β1-integrin), impacting on FGF2 essential growth factor for satellite cells3,4,5. COL1A1 is an intramuscular ECM involved in muscle regeneration and upregulated upon anabolic stimuli such as exercise training6. This study aims to investigate alterations in the expression of fibronectin and COL1A1 in response to CS. It is hypothesised CS alters the expression of ECMs in perypheral skeletal muscle. The role of ECM in sarcopenia still needs to be demonstrated. Materials and methods: Guinea pig model of COPD. Guinea pigs (n7-10) were exposed to cigarette smoke (24 h, 5 d/wk) for 6 months. Control animals were exposed to sham-cigarette smoke. Gastrocnemius were collected 24 hs after last treatment. (n=7-10). All experiments were approved by institutional Animal Research Committee at Hospital Clinic (Barcelona, Spain). Total RNA was isolated from skeletal muscle from all groups from the COPD guinea pig model as shown above. Intramuscular ECMs were quantified by real-time PCR in reversed transcribed cDNA. Primers were designed and sequences are shown in Table 1. The mRNA expression was calculated using the 2−△△Ct method and is presented as fold changes relative to GAPDH normalisation. Results: Effect of cigarette smoking in gene expression of fibronectin in skeletal muscle - CS significantly reduced the expression of fibronectin (*p=0.022) in a guinea pig model of COPD compared to the controls exposed to sham CS. Values are presented as mean fold change ± SEM; n=6-10. Effect of cigarette smoking in gene expression of COL1A1 in skeletal muscle - CS significantly reduced the expression of COL1A2 (***p=0.0001) in a guinea pig model of COPD compared to the controls exposed to sham CS. Values are presented as mean fold change ± SEM; n=7-10. Conclusions: • Cigarette smoke treatment decreased the expression of the ECMs fibronectin and collagen A1 in peripheral skeletal muscle of a guinea pig model of COPD. • As fibronectin and COL1A1 are integral components of intramuscular ECM and are involved in muscle structure and myogenesis2, their transcriptional downregulation may impact on the capacity of the skeletal muscle regeneration and maintenance of muscle mass.

ISTRC 2021 - International Sarcopenia Translational Research Conference

Cigarette smoke decreases the expression of fibronectin and COL1A1 in the locomotor muscle of a guinea pig model of COPD

collagen 1

fibronectin

copd

extracellular matrix

[![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/261902fdf187a88bfa74da226ff77186.png)](https://drive.google.com/file/d/1gUViQJJHCSgM38OhwpDoTdN89evCsZ-7/view?usp=sharing)
[![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/1605292c232e6f185c7f87ee38e8502a.png)](https://drive.google.com/file/d/1kPkznVX_6cx-n846z_pUtyVDZql9KImc/view?usp=sharing)


### **Welcome Message**

Welcome to the inaugural **Dutch Lung Congress.**  We have all missed our opportunities to network and interact with our colleagues in the last twelve months or more.  While our desire was to meet face to face once again, when it became evident that this would not be possible until much later in 2021 (or even into 2022) the hard working committee organizing the Dutch Lung Congress found, what we hope will be, an excellent alternative to facilitate our annual meeting.

The Dutch Lung Congress aims to bring together everyone interested in research related to pulmonary diseases in the Netherlands.  We hope this event will provide opportunities for multidisciplinary interactions to enhance our approaches for addressing these challenging diseases.  Each session will include input from patients, clinical and basic and/or translational scientists discussing the latest information around the central themes chosen by the organizing committee.  One advantage of holding our congress as a virtual event this year is that we will have the opportunity to hear from world leading experts from all over the globe.  We hope you enjoy the programme the organizing committee have put together and will engage in dynamic discussions with all the speakers.

One highlight of our congress will be the Young Investigator Session.  Remember to join us for this exciting session when we will hear from the presenters who submitted the top scoring abstracts.  This promises to be a session full of exciting science that will display the strengths that constitute the future talent in our field.

When we are not listening to these great presentations we can all meet in Gathertown.  Within this interactive platform you will be able to meet colleagues and friends for networking. Enjoy a private chat over a virtual coffee, visit the booths of our sponsors and other parties, chat with the Young Investigator Board members or take some timeout in the relaxation spaces.  While in Gathertown take the opportunity to visit all the diverse posters on display. Chat live with the presenters or leave them a question on the discussion board for them to engage with you.  Make sure you check for any messages each time you enter Gathertown to make the most of your networking opportunities.

We look forward to seeing you during the DLC and the great scientific (and other) discussions we are anticipating during our 2021 meeting.

On behalf of the DLC organizing Committee
<br>**Janette Burgess
<br>Chair, DLC Organizing Committee**
![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/f461fb275d9667fb2a76a30813388e90.png)



### Special Session: Publieksmiddag
![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/77e768dd500e6205175e5cafba59abdc.png)






![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/f461fb275d9667fb2a76a30813388e90.png)
**More about the committee team:**:
[Barbro N. Melgert, PhD] (https://drive.google.com/file/d/1q_IIH3JvTivumCUzzsZGX7BgD41HxQmk/view?usp=sharing)
// [Bas Holverda, PhD] (https://drive.google.com/file/d/1QKXHmTTQjgs4OZVuM8doXU055S-fu_uU/view?usp=sharing)
// [Frits Franssen, PhD] (https://drive.google.com/file/d/1d7HRUJaqGuRFzkPN3SVgkbBfqFkDkWq2/view?usp=sharing)
// [Janette Burgess, PhD] (https://drive.google.com/file/d/1VHFlrEN6uCQGeeW3Lj4I8aTw7HsB0GFr/view?usp=sharing)
// [Michel van den Heuvel, PhD] (https://drive.google.com/file/d/1JeOEP8MHxiK_4lONr8UM2HaxdxpkAmA2/view?usp=sharing)
// [Patrick Bhairosing] (https://drive.google.com/file/d/1xI8ORq-g1bbVcrlRDviZ9NhAwanc4dFl/view?usp=sharing)
// [Gimano Amatngalim, PhD] (https://drive.google.com/file/d/1fyVDDKARLNjRk_JZk8_GyhGMjmp6DWHp/view?usp=sharing)
// [Peter Kunst, PhD] (https://drive.google.com/file/d/1QhtB4nQezpAjbfUAcBnINc-Bm3Shy2Lf/view?usp=sharing)
// [Dr. Michel van den Heuvel, Prof., MD, PhD] (https://drive.google.com/file/d/1JBdNEBXZCEikEZhJ6MoD5DhQfXMz3bP6/view?usp=sharing)
![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/f461fb275d9667fb2a76a30813388e90.png)

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Dutch Lung Congress

poster

Welcome to the inaugural International Sarcopenia Translational Research Conference.  “Where Worlds Meet” – the event brings together a broad range of researchers and practitioners in a truly interdisciplinary forum, covering discovery science through to clinical practice.

###### Explore the programme handbook [here](https://eur03.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fonline.flippingbook.com%2Fview%2F850225452%2F&data=04%7C01%7CEleanor.Lockhart%40newcastle.ac.uk%7Cd440f87ca7184685a56708d926629eaf%7C9c5012c9b61644c2a91766814fbe3e87%7C1%7C0%7C637583027282147963%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C1000&sdata=xoB29O8tJ6VXAjUDTNCCKo9SyoSo12aak0dJX3wEalg%3D&reserved=0).



Access to this event requires a registration. Please email Eleanor Lockhart at sarcconf@ncl.ac.uk if you have any questions regarding your registration. 

Sarcopenia (‘poverty of flesh’) is the progressive degenerative loss of muscle mass and strength associated with ageing. 1) Sarcopenia is a major component of frailty and a barrier to independent living in old age. 2) The reticulospinal tract (RST) is a key neural structure in the control of balance, posture and strength. These all falter with age, but little is known about reticulospinal changes with ageing. 3) We hypothesised that age-related reductions in strength might relate to differential changes in corticospinal and reticulospinal connectivity. 4) Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) can be used to elicit Motor Evoked Potentials (MEPs) to measure spinal pathways. 5) Contralateral and ipsilateral MEPs are carried by mainly corticospinal and reticulospinal pathways respectively.

Ipsilateral Motor Evoked Potentials as a measure of the reticulospinal tract in age-related strength changes

Background - Patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) => loss of muscle mass (MM) and strength => Quick and easy diagnosis of MM and strength loss (sarcopenia) is warranted • Ultrasound (US) is a recommended tool to monitor muscle health in CKD [1] , however, it is unknown whether total MM can be diagnosed by a single site measurement • When choosing the anatomical site to be measured, an appropriate surrogate marker of appendicular skeletal muscle mass or total MM should be considered.
Results RF-CSA was a significant (p<0.001) predictor of total MM.

Prediction and validation of total muscle mass by a single site ultrasound measurement in chronic kidney disease patients 


Background: Dietary protein supplementation combined with resistance exercise (RE) may counteract declines in muscle strength, mass, and function (sarcopenia), but the role of whole foods rich in protein, such as milk, is less well understood. In the MIlkMAN study, we aimed to examine the feasibility and acceptability of milk+RE as an intervention for muscle function in community-dwelling older adults, and provide exploratory pilot data for future substantive research in population at risk of sarcopenia. Methods: In a parallel groups design, 30 older adults (71.7±3.6 years; 12 women) were randomised into three groups: WM (whole milk 3.6% fat)+RE, SM (skimmed milk 0.3% fat)+RE, and C (isocaloric carbohydrate drink)+RE. RE was performed twice-weekly over 6 weeks in a community gym, followed by the consumption of 500 ml of milk (~20 g protein) or carbohydrate drink immediately after exercise and a further 500 ml at home within the following 4-5 hours. The feasibility and acceptability of the study was determined by calculating recruitment and attendance rates, compliance with the intervention, rating participants' experiences, and recording adverse health events. Results: The response rate was 49% (out of 400 invitations sent), and the recruitment rate was 73.2% (30 participants recruited out of 41 screened for eligibility). Twenty-nine participants completed the intervention-an attendance rate of 97.1%; 89.7% rated their experience as 'excellent'/very good'. Compliance with taking the drinks was 97.1% (WM), 98.3% (SM), and 95.0% (C); 93.1% rated their drink intake as 'easy'/'very easy' with no adverse effects. Collection of exploratory pilot data to inform future trials was successful. Mean change in grip strength, 5-chair rises, and gait speed were 0.9±3.4 kg, 1.8±2.2 s, 0.1±0.1 m/s, respectively with no differences between the groups. Conclusions: This community-based milk+RE intervention was feasible and acceptable to older adults. The study successfully collected pilot data for future substantive research.

Milk Intervention Muscle AgeiNg (MIlkMAN) pilot study: feasibility and acceptability of a milk and resistance exercise intervention in older adults

Introduction: Lower-limb impairment is common after stroke, limiting independence of those affected. Early, accurate prediction of recovery could enable individualised rehabilitation and optimise outcomes. Previous evidence supports an effect of stroke-related damage to corticospinal tracts (CST) on functional recovery. However, effects of post-stroke sarcopenia, resultant muscle fiber-type shift and inflammation are unknown. An algorithm accounting for these changes, based on combined MRI imaging of the source-organ (brain) and end-organ (lower-limb skeletal muscle), may have superior accuracy compared with clinical assessments or isolated MRI biomarkers. We aim to assess the feasibility and utility of MRI biomarkers for predicting lower-limb recovery following stroke. Methods: 30 patients will be recruited from two North-East England NHS trusts within four weeks of their first-ever ischaemic stroke causing unilateral lower-limb weakness. Patients undergo brain and thigh muscle MRI, including volumetric sequences, lipid and oedema-based muscle imaging and diffusion tensor imaging of the CST. This is followed by baseline and 3-month clinical assessments of: lower-limb impairment (Fugl-Meyer; Motor NIHSS) strength (handheld-dynamometry) and function (Functional Ambulatory Category). Results: 10/30 participants have been recruited since 2019 and the study will close in 2021. Correlations between MRI, clinical and 3-month follow-up outcome data will assess relationships between biomarkers and outcomes to inform a predictive model incorporating baseline clinical and MRI data. Conclusion: This project will provide novel data on sarcopenia-based measures in stroke recovery. If our model has predictive value, a sample size estimate will be calculated to inform future multicentre studies with the aim of developing a robust predictive algorithm.

Study in Novel Neuro-muscular Imaging Biomarkers for Motor Outcome in Stroke

Background: Undertaking clinical trials for sarcopenia presents multiple challenges. The diagnosis is not commonly made in clinical practice in part due to the need to measure muscle mass and muscle strength. Finding participants with sarcopenia for clinical trials is therefore challenging and often requires screening large numbers of potential participants in order to identify those with sarcopenia. Sarcopenia registries are a potential method to improve recruitment to sarcopenia trials, which has proved challenging to date. We aimed to test the feasibility of setting up a UK sarcopenia registry, the feasibility of recruitment methods and to characterise the pilot registry population. Methods: Six diverse UK sites took part, selected to give a range of large and small cities, different geographies and different proportion of ethnic minority prevalence in the local population. Potential participants aged 65 and over were approached via mailshots from local primary care (GP) practices. Telephone pre-screening using the SARC-F score was followed by inperson screening and baseline visit. Comorbidities, medications, grip strength, Short Physical Performance Battery, bioimpedance analysis (Akern 101 system), Geriatric Depression Score, Montreal Cognitive Assessment and SarQoL score were performed. Permission was sought for future re-contact. We conducted an embedded randomised controlled trial of a simple intervention which aimed to boost mailshot response rates. Mailshot batches were randomised to the presence or absence of a Newcastle University logo on the mailshot envelope; we hypothesised that mailshots with the logo would be more likely to be opened and thus responded to, rather than treated as junk mail. Recruitment rates and baseline measures were analysed using descriptive statistics. For the embedded randomised trial, the primary outcome (the proportion of letters generating a positive reply (mail slip or telephone contact) was compared using Pearson's chi-squared test with 95% confidence intervals. Results: Sixteen GP practices contributed a total of 3508 letters. Details of response rates and progression through screening and recruitment for each site are given in Table 1. 150 participants were recruited (40% of those pre-screened) with 147 contributing baseline data. Conclusion: Recruitment to a multi-site UK sarcopenia registry is feasible, with high levels of consent for recontact. Different populations may require different contact approaches to maximise participation.

Developing a UK sarcopenia registry: recruitment and baseline characteristics of the SarcNet pilot

Background: Frailty in older adults is a growing challenge, further exacerbated by recent COVID-related reductions in activity. Thankfully, there is now an established evidence base for the benefit of exercise and protein supplementation in counteracting frailty. Unfortunately, this this has not yet been adequately translated into practice. The aim of this study, Diet & Exercise for FRAILty (DEFRAIL), was to develop an effective intervention suitable for widespread uptake. Our first objective was to design an intervention suitable for a wide spectrum of frailty in older adults and deliverable in a community setting. The second was to evaluate its effect on frailty and related measures. Methods: Intervention: A multi-component exercise program combined with nutritional supplementation was developed by a modified Delphi process (Figure 1). A brief pilot trial allowed participant feedback and further modifications. The final DEFRAIL program consisted of a 1-hour group class: -Warm-up x 5 mins -Stretch x 5 mins -Circuits x 15 mins each -Upper limb resistance -Lower limb resistance -Aerobic/Balance -Cool-down x 5 mins The nutritional intervention was protein-supplemented milk (250ml twice daily). Three-day food diaries were completed pre-and intraintervention to monitor the effect on micro- & macro-nutrient intake Classes were delivered by 2 instructors in group of 10-12 participants per class. Results: Participant characteristics: 28 participants (22 female, 6 male) commenced the program, of which 22 (16 female, 6 male) completed follow-up assessments. Mean age was 84.5 years, mean FFC 3.55 prior to the intervention). Statistical approach: Analysis was conducted using SPSS. The mean change in outcome measures over the control and intervention periods were compared using paired t-tests. Primary outcome measure: A statistically significant improvement in FFC of -2.05 was seen in the primary outcome measure during the intervention period, compared with the control period (mean change over control period +0.32, mean change over intervention period -1.73). The mean FFC moved from 3.23 (frail) at baseline to 3.55 (frail) after eight weeks of regular activity but fell to 1.82 (pre-frail) following completion of the intervention. Improvements were seen in the individual criteria of ”Exhaustion”, “Low activity and “Slow gait speed” but not “Weight loss” or “Low grip strength”. Secondary outcome measures: A statistically significant improvement was seen in the Timed Up & Go (TUG) test, with a mean difference of - 3.19 seconds between the change during the intervention over the control period. A significant improvement was also seen in the Geriatric Depression Scale, with a mean difference of -1.41. Based on pre- and intra-intervention three-day food diaries, a significant increase in protein intake (daily mean difference of +11.22g) was observed. No significant change was observed for measures of body mass composition, arterial stiffness, cognition, pain or quality-of-life. Conclusion: The DEFRAIL intervention is feasible for delivery without the direct input of health professionals and effective at reversing frailty in a group of community-dwelling frail older adults. We propose that it provides an effective community-based means of reversing frailty and its associated adverse outcomes. Given the growing prevalence of frailty, we feel there is an urgent need to incorporate an intervention such as this into public health policy. 

Diet and Exercise for FRAILty (DEFRAIL): The effect of a novel community-based exercise and nutritional intervention on frailty and related measures in
frail older adults

Background: •The increasing longevity of the world’s population together with prolonged survival in many chronic diseases means that more people have loss of mobility. •To target mobility loss effectively and thus be able to prevent it, we need valid tools that can detect and measure it in daily life (1). •It is also of vital importance that mobility outcomes are assessed in relation to other ageing syndromes, including sarcopenia and frailty. Digital technology has the potential for measuring and monitoring digital mobility outcomes in the real world, but as yet there are no robust, validated technology solutions. Methods: • The overarching objectives of Mobilise-D (“Connecting digital mobility assessment to clinical outcomes for regulatory and clinical endorsement”) are to: • Deliver a valid solution for real-world digital mobility assessment; • Validate digital mobility outcomes in predicting clinical outcome in a variety of disease states including Parkinson’s disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, multiple sclerosis, and proximal femoral fracture; and • Obtain regulatory and health stakeholder approval for digital mobility assessment. Results: •Mobilise-D is funded by the European Innovative Medicines Initiative 2 Joint Undertaking, & includes 34 international research partners based at leading international universities and some of the world’s largest pharmaceutical and technical companies. •Mobilise-D started on 1 April 2019 and will run for five years. •Real-world walking speed and related outcomes assessed in 5 chronic disease populations to derive a device-agnostic algorithm that can be used to predict medically relevant clinical outcomes (e.g., falls, hospitalizations, disability, death) from mobility assessment •A sub-study on sarcopenia and frailty will be conducted within each cohort. Conclusion: Mobilise-D's results will directly facilitate drug development and establish the roadmap for clinical implementation of new, complementary tools to identify, stratify and monitor disability, thereby enabling widespread, cost-effective access to optimal clinical mobility management through personalised healthcare.

Connecting digital mobility assessment to sarcopenia and frailty: the Mobilise-D study

Introduction: • CT-based body composition can distinguish between lean and fat tissue, in contrast to BMI • Low skeletal muscle index (SMI) and low skeletal muscle radiodensity (SMD) are associated with survival in several cancer types • In renal cell cancer (RCC) evidence is limited and inconsistent. Methods: • Patients diagnosed with RCC from 2008-2012 were included • CT-scans at L3 level were collected to assess skeletal muscle index (SMI), skeletal muscle density (SMD), visceral adipose tissue index (VATI) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SATI) • Clinical data were retrieved from medical records • Multivariable Cox regression with restricted cubic splines were used for examining body composition and overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS) • Analyses were adjusted for age at diagnosis, smoking, tumor stage, Fuhrman grade (and MSKCC and mGPS for stage IV) and mutually adjusted for other body composition parameters. • Stage I-III and stage IV were analyzed separately and gender-specific results are presented. Results: • 719 stage I-III and 320 stage IV patients were included  • Median follow up was 6.35 years (interquartile range 1.41-8.23). Conclusion: • Higher SMD and higher VATI were marginally associated with better survival in RCC patients and might be useful for better prognostication. • However, the added value to current prognostic scores needs to be investigated. 

Skeletal muscle radiodensity and visceral fat are associated with overall survival in renal cell cancer

Introduction: The relationship between body composition and survival in locally advanced rectal cancer patients is under investigation. Methods: A retrospective study of all patients with clinical stage 2-3 rectal cancer who completed neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (nCRT) and surgery between 2010 and 2015 at Western Health was performed. Body composition was measured at the third lumbar vertebrae on pre-neoadjuvant treatment imaging. Skeletal muscle index (SMI), adipose tissue and mean muscle attenuation (Hounsfield units, HU) were measured. Primary outcomes were overall (OS) and diseasefree survival (DFS). Results: There were 139 patients treated for stage 2-3 low rectal cancer over 5 years. There were 32 disease recurrences and 30 deaths. Sarcopenia did not result in worse survival. Visceral obesity was predictive of OS (HR 6.43; 95% CI 1.06- 39.1). Skeletal muscle index (cm2/m2) and mean muscle attenuation (HU) were independently associated with improved OS (HR 0.83; 95% CI 0.71-0.96 and HR 0.88; 95%CI 0.78-0.99 respectively) in a multivariate model. The surface area (cm2) of subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue was independently predictive of OS (HR 1.18; 95%CI 1.03-1.33 and HR 1.16; 95% CI 1.03-1.31 respectively) and DFS (HR 1.13; 95% CI 1.01-1.28 and HR 1.13; 95% 1.00-1.26 respectively) in a multivariate model. Conclusion: CT derived measures of adiposity, muscle mass and density can predict survival in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer undergoing multimodal curative treatment. International cut points for defining body composition phenotypes need revision and may not be suitable for this population.

The association between body composition and survival in locally advanced rectal cancer: An Australian study

Background: Sarcopenia, or a gradual decrease in muscle mass and function, is an inevitable part of the ageing process. Due to reduced muscle strength and power, sarcopenia is a major cause of physical frailty in the elderly, resulting in mobility problems and a loss of physical function and independence. Despite extensive research, sarcopenia is still not well understood at the molecular level. This work aims to determine the effect of dietary restriction (DR) on sarcopenia, as dietary restriction is known to increase average lifespan in a wide variety of organisms. The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is often used as an invertebrate model system for sarcopenia. In this study, we used a transgenic strain of C. elegans with one of its main muscle proteins, myosin heavy chain B (unc54), fluorescently labelled with GFP to quantify the rate of muscle loss in C. elegans. Average lifespan and age-dependent motility was also determined at various severity of DR. Collectively, our findings show that DR affects sarcopenia; worms under mild and medium DR display a delayed onset of sarcopenia compared to control and severe DR. Methodology: C. elegans isolates: C. elegans N2 (Bristol) expressing GFP-tagged muscle protein (unc54::GFP) was a generous gift from Dr András Málnási-Csizmadi (Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary). DR: Worms were cultured on NGM plates (control) or DR plates and transferred to new plates every other day. All lifespan assays were performed at 20°C. Diets were restricted by diluting the concentration of the E.coli food source and included FUdR to supress reproduction. Peptone was removed from the DR media to prevent bacterial growth on the plates. The number of dead and live worms were counted daily, and worms were considered dead when they no longer responded to a gentle touch with a sterilized wormpick. Motility was assessed by subjecting the worms to gentle stroking with a wormpick and their response to the stimulus was grouped into one of three motility classes. Results: Mild and Medium DR increases the lifespan of C. elegans - Worms under mild and medium DR showed the most significant increase in mean lifespan compared to control (P < 0.001 and P = 0.011, respectively). Severe DR resulted in starvation, causing a reduction in mean lifespan (P = 0.026). These results are in line with previous research, which found that worms subjected to mild DR had a longer lifespan, while worms under severe DR had a shorter lifespan. Age-related decline in motility is slower under mild and medium DR - Age-dependent motility data suggests DR alters the motility of C.elegans. Exit from class I occurs later for mild and medium DR conditions compared to control and severe DR. Similarly, the timing of both entry and exit from class II occurs later for mild and medium DR, compared to control and severe DR. Age-related muscle loss is delayed under mild and medium DR - Age-related decrease in GFP-myosin fluorescence was observed, suggesting pronounced sarcopenia for control and various DR conditions. The onset of sarcopenia, however, was dependent on the growth conditions used. Worms under mild and medium DR displayed a delayed onset of sarcopenia compared to the control and Severe DR group. For example, on day 14 of adulthood, the level of GFP-myosin fluorescence is significantly lower in control and severe DR relative to mild and medium DR. Mild and medium DR improves healthspan in C. elegans - Under mild and medium DR, both lifespan and healthspan was extended with a proportional reduction in gerospan. In contrast, worms under control and severe DR showed decreased healthspan and increased gerospan, consistent with the reduced days spent in motility class I and II. Conclusions: • Mild and medium DR increases lifespan and healthspan in C. elegans compared to control. • DR alters motility properties of C.elegans - mild and medium DR conditions delay transition from fitness class I (highest motility) to class II (reduced motility), compared to control, suggesting a delayed onset of sarcopenia. • Fluorescence data confirm increased muscle density and delayed onset of sarcopenia under mild and medium DR conditions compared to control. • Moderate DR improves healthspan and delays the onset of sarcopenia whereas severe DR reduces healthspan and accelerates sarcopenia.

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Ipsilateral Motor Evoked Potentials as a measure of the reticulospinal tract in age-related strength changes

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