France



Brillouin Light Scattering (BLS) [1, 2] experiment has been used to determine the spin waves in Co-rich cobalt phosphorous (CoP) exchange spring [3, 4] thin films prepared by the electrodeposition techniques [5, 6] at room temperature. The static magnetic measurement using hysteresis loop tracer (ShB Instruments, USA) shown in FIG. 1 (a)-(b) reveals the hysteresis loop structures for the electrodeposited thin films – the staircase like exchange spring nature with the presence of two coercivities in the hysteresis loops – composed by the soft and hard magnetic phases in a single material. Contrasted with the conventional single-phase magnetic material having a comparatively low coercivity – such kind of exchange spring nanomagnetic frameworks are promising for cutting edge, forefront magnetic applications due to their relatively higher energy product – the blend of magnetization and permanent magnetic field [7]. The differential of the magnetization shown in FIG. 1 (c)-(d) confirms the presence of two coercivities in the 2.8 μm, 5.7 μm thick thin films, respectively.&lt;br/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;Utilizing a (3+3)-pass tandem Fabry-Perot interferometer, and considering the backscattering geometry, the BLS spectra of the thermally excited SWs were measured. The BLS Spectra of the 2.8 µm thick CoP thin film shows that the peaks are very broad. The field dependent BLS spectra of 5.7 µm thick CoP thin film electrodeposited for 60 min is shown in FIG. 2(a). The BLS study yields two main modes present in the BLS spectrum: the lowest frequency one is a band of bulk modes (B) while the one at the higher frequency (sharp peak) is the so-called Damon-Eshbach surface spin wave (S) [8]. On the Stokes-side of the spectra, two well resolved peaks (S and B, as mentioned in the figure) are observed while the anti-Stokes side of the spectra shows only one peak (B). The S mode is observed only on one side of the spectrum, depending on the direction of the external magnetic field. This is the consequence of the nonreciprocal character of the S wave and of the micrometer thickness of the investigated films. The external magnetic field dependent BLS spectra shows an almost linear dependence of the mode frequencies vs the magnetic field intensity. The BLS spectra shown in FIG. 2(b) reveals the effect of magnetization reversal at constant polarization which unveils the predicted side change of Damon Eshbach (DE) surface mode. The change in Stokes/anti-Stokes ratio has also been affirmed because of the associated transfer of the S and B mode interaction with this magnetization reversal [8].

**References:**

[1] G. Gubbiotti, X. Zhou, A. O. Adeyeye, Phys. Rev. B 101, 224431 (2020).&lt;br/&gt;[2] S. Tacchi, G. Gubbiotti, M. Madami, J. Phys. Condens. Matter 29, 73001 (2016).&lt;br/&gt;[3] E. E. Fullerton, J. S. Jiang, M. Grimsditch, Phys. Rev. B 58, 12193 (1998).&lt;br/&gt;[4] F. Magnus, M. E. Brooks-Bartlett, R. Moubah, Nat. Commun. 7, ncomms11931 (2016).&lt;br/&gt;[5] P. McCloskey, B. Jamieson, T. O’Donnell, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 320, 2509 (2008).&lt;br/&gt;[6] S. Roy, A. Connell, M. Ludwig, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 290–291, 1524 (2005).&lt;br/&gt;[7] H. Zeng, J. Li, J. P. Liu, Nature 420, 395 (2002).&lt;br/&gt;[8] J. R. Sandercock and W. Wettling, J. Appl. Phys. 50, 7784 (1979).

**Images:**

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/824d97b4d904e77f940a3d8f4d27e808.jpg)
FIG. 1: Hysteresis loop of the electrodeposited CoP thin films measured ShB Hysteresis loop tracer in XY plane, and here, dir-1+90°=dir-2. The thickness of the films is (a) 2.8 μm, (b) 5.7 μm, for the electrodeposited time (a) 30 min, (b) 60 min. (c)-(d) The differential of the magnetization of the (a) 2.8 μm, (b) 5.7 μm thick thin films, respectively.

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/5584003a2099c29290540314fe3a0987.jpg)
FIG. 2 (a) BLS spectra of the 5.7  thick CoP thin film (electrodeposited for 60 min) at different in-plane bias magnetic fields measured from 1.50 kOe to 0 Oe with the backscattering geometry. (b) BLS Spectra of 5.7  in a bias magnetic field of +1.0 and -1.0 kOe revealing the effect of the reversal of the magnetization on the frequency position of the Damon-Eshbach wave.

INTERMAG 2021

 Brillouin Light Scattering Study of Spin Waves in CoP Exchange Spring Thin Films

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Brillouin Light Scattering (BLS) [1, 2] experiment has been used to determine the spin waves in Co-rich cobalt phosphorous (CoP) exchange spring [3, 4] thin films prepared by the electrodeposition techniques [5, 6] at room temperature. The static magnetic measurement using hysteresis loop tracer (ShB Instruments, USA) shown in FIG. 1 (a)-(b) reveals the hysteresis loop structures for the electrodeposited thin films – the staircase like exchange spring nature with the presence of two coercivities in the hysteresis loops – composed by the soft and hard magnetic phases in a single material. Contrasted with the conventional single-phase magnetic material having a comparatively low coercivity – such kind of exchange spring nanomagnetic frameworks are promising for cutting edge, forefront magnetic applications due to their relatively higher energy product – the blend of magnetization and permanent magnetic field [7]. The differential of the magnetization shown in FIG. 1 (c)-(d) confirms the presence of two coercivities in the 2.8 μm, 5.7 μm thick thin films, respectively. Utilizing a (3+3)-pass tandem Fabry-Perot interferometer, and considering the backscattering geometry, the BLS spectra of the thermally excited SWs were measured. The BLS Spectra of the 2.8 µm thick CoP thin film shows that the peaks are very broad. The field dependent BLS spectra of 5.7 µm thick CoP thin film electrodeposited for 60 min is shown in FIG. 2(a). The BLS study yields two main modes present in the BLS spectrum: the lowest frequency one is a band of bulk modes (B) while the one at the higher frequency (sharp peak) is the so-called Damon-Eshbach surface spin wave (S) [8]. On the Stokes-side of the spectra, two well resolved peaks (S and B, as mentioned in the figure) are observed while the anti-Stokes side of the spectra shows only one peak (B). The S mode is observed only on one side of the spectrum, depending on the direction of the external magnetic field. This is the consequence of the nonreciprocal character of the S wave and of the micrometer thickness of the investigated films. The external magnetic field dependent BLS spectra shows an almost linear dependence of the mode frequencies vs the magnetic field intensity. The BLS spectra shown in FIG. 2(b) reveals the effect of magnetization reversal at constant polarization which unveils the predicted side change of Damon Eshbach (DE) surface mode. The change in Stokes/anti-Stokes ratio has also been affirmed because of the associated transfer of the S and B mode interaction with this magnetization reversal [8].

**References:**

[1] G. Gubbiotti, X. Zhou, A. O. Adeyeye, Phys. Rev. B 101, 224431 (2020). [2] S. Tacchi, G. Gubbiotti, M. Madami, J. Phys. Condens. Matter 29, 73001 (2016). [3] E. E. Fullerton, J. S. Jiang, M. Grimsditch, Phys. Rev. B 58, 12193 (1998). [4] F. Magnus, M. E. Brooks-Bartlett, R. Moubah, Nat. Commun. 7, ncomms11931 (2016). [5] P. McCloskey, B. Jamieson, T. O’Donnell, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 320, 2509 (2008). [6] S. Roy, A. Connell, M. Ludwig, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 290–291, 1524 (2005). [7] H. Zeng, J. Li, J. P. Liu, Nature 420, 395 (2002). [8] J. R. Sandercock and W. Wettling, J. Appl. Phys. 50, 7784 (1979).

**Images:**

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/824d97b4d904e77f940a3d8f4d27e808.jpg)
FIG. 1: Hysteresis loop of the electrodeposited CoP thin films measured ShB Hysteresis loop tracer in XY plane, and here, dir-1+90°=dir-2. The thickness of the films is (a) 2.8 μm, (b) 5.7 μm, for the electrodeposited time (a) 30 min, (b) 60 min. (c)-(d) The differential of the magnetization of the (a) 2.8 μm, (b) 5.7 μm thick thin films, respectively.

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/5584003a2099c29290540314fe3a0987.jpg)
FIG. 2 (a) BLS spectra of the 5.7 thick CoP thin film (electrodeposited for 60 min) at different in-plane bias magnetic fields measured from 1.50 kOe to 0 Oe with the backscattering geometry. (b) BLS Spectra of 5.7 in a bias magnetic field of +1.0 and -1.0 kOe revealing the effect of the reversal of the magnetization on the frequency position of the Damon-Eshbach wave.

technical paper

In this work, we report our micromagnetic simulation results on the correlation between spin wave modes and emergent microstates in square artificial spin ice (S-ASI), consisting of elliptical and stadium shape magnetic nanoislands. S-ASI1 is a lithographically patterned engineered dipolar coupled nanostructure array, consisting of orthogonal square sublattices of highly shape anisotropic nanoislands. These islands behave as a macrospin due to high shape anisotropy where each macrospin, according to the dumbbell model, can be considered as a magnetic dipole of charge separated by the length of the nanoisland. Recently, there is a growing interest in the low-energy collective spin excitation of magnetic nanostructures of vastly different shapes resulting in the development of the field of magnonics. These excitations or spin waves are the magnetic analogs of electromagnetic waves, phonons, and plasmons which can be treated as a perturbation in terms of phase-coherent precession of magnetization vector that propagates in coupled magnetic media. The field of magnonics offers new functionalities in modern technological devices e.g., magnonics logic, phase shifters, microwave antenna, directional coupler, SW-based multiplexer, grating, and neuromorphic computing, etc. S-ASI exhibit geometrical frustration and therefore, it shows ground state degeneracy. The microstates in S-ASI enable the possibility of tunability of associated spin-wave modes and alter the spin-wave band gap without structural deformation. This key feature of S-ASI makes it a potential candidate for reconfigurable magnonics2. The interesting dynamic behavior of ASI suggests that it can be perceived as magnonic crystals with potential applications in logic devices3, data storage4, microwave filter5, spin logic gate3, etc. Hence, detailed investigation6, 7 of spin wave dynamics and evolution of modes in ASI systems involving highly shape anisotropic nanoislands of different shapes is very important. The question of the correlation between underlying magnetic states of dipolar coupled nanoislands of shapes such as ellipse and stadium, etc., and the spin wave modes is far from properly understood. In this work, we have performed a detailed study of the dynamical behavior of emergent microstates in S-ASI, using micromagnetic simulations. For these studies, we have considered S-ASI to be consisting of four square ring-type structures with elliptical and stadium shaped nanoislands of permalloy with dimensions 300 nm × 100 nm × 25 nm and lattice constant 150 nm (edge-to-edge distance of nanoislands). The magnetization reversal behavior of stadium-shaped magnetic nanoislands in S-ASI geometry involves the formation of vortices, antivortices, etc. whereas for the case of elliptical nanoislands the reversal involves sharp switching of spins. In order to investigate the dependence of the behavior of spin wave dynamics on local magnetic behavior in the S-ASI of two different shapes, we have investigated the spin wave modes and emergent microstates in both the shapes as a function of a number of square-type rings (i.e., single ring, double ring, triple ring, and quadruple ring e.g., S-ASI) of nanoislands. For S-ASI involving elliptical nanoislands, our studies reveal that emergent microstates at remanence with net local magnetic charges at the junction of the nanoislands for head-to-head or tail-to-tail configuration enhances spin wave generation in the proximity islands up-to ∼95% as compared to islands in the proximity of zero local charges ( in head-to-tail or tail-to-head configuration). Thus, we observe that the power profiles in remanence map the local charges present in the S-ASI or ring-type structures. We observe the presence of ubiquitous switching identifier mode at ~ 18 GHz (saturation) in nanoislands with an easy axis along the external bias field. This mode shows marked power variation in the switched nanoislands with respect to un-switched nanoislands. Our simulation results show that observed spin wave spectra and calculated mode profiles remain consistent as a function of rings. Our studies of S-ASI involving stadium shaped nanoislands further show that the spin wave spectra are significantly different than for the elliptical case (see Fig. 1). In the case of stadium-shaped nanoislands, the demagnetization field is inhomogeneous which creates variation in the local field within the nanoislands whereas, in the case of elliptical nanoisland, demagnetization field variation is observed near the edges. However, for a similar magnetization configuration, we have observed several new spin-wave modes with complex mode profiles in the case of stadium shape nanoislands (Fig. 2). Thus, our study gives new insight in understanding the origin of spin wave mode behavior in terms of the evolved microstates and demonstrate spin wave modes as a tool to investigate magnetization reversal and local magnetic charges in artificial spin ice system.

**References:**

(1) S. T. Bramwell et al., Science 294, 1495–1501 (2001). (2) E. Iacocca et al., Phys. Rev. B 93, 134420 (2016). (3) H. Arava et al., Nanotech. 29, 265205 (2018). (4) Y.-L. Wang et al., Science 352, 962–966 (2016). (5) I. Huynen et al., IEEE Microw. Guided W. 9, 401–403 (1999). (6) S. Gliga et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 117205 (2013). (7) E. Iacocca et al., Phys. Rev. Appl. 13, 044047 (2020).

**Images:**

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/8fa292a767f18a77cc35d89a92aba095.jpg)
The power profile of the spin wave mode excited at ∼ 6.5 GHz in S-ASI with (left) elliptical and (right) stadium-shape nanoislands at 200mT external field.

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/16c49e9a6920a28ab2b3c0ed74f242a4.jpg)
(left) Spin wave spectra of S-ASI consisting of stadium shape and elliptical shape nanoislands saturated along the x-axis at 200mT. (right) magnetization configuration of S-ASI with the stadium and elliptical shape nanoislands.

 Dependence of spin wave modes on the geometry of nanomagnets in square artificial spin ice vertices

Spin waves, and their quanta magnons, are of great interest as potential data carriers in future low-energy computing devices [1]. The phase of a spin wave provides an additional degree of freedom, while the scalability of structures and wavelengths down to the nanometer regime [2] are further advantages. Recently, a set of magnonic data processing units was demonstrated. However, the development of each of them requires specialized investigations and, usually, one device design is suitable for one function only. Moreover, an integrated all-magnonic circuit, which is suitable for the cascading of multiple magnonic units, has not yet been demonstrated. In the first half of my talk, I will present briefly the experimental realization of a nanoscale magnonic directional coupler, which consists of two separated single-mode waveguides with a width of 350 nm as shown in Fig. 1a [3]. A U-shaped antenna is used to excite spin waves and space-resolved Brillouin Light Scattering (BLS) spectroscopy is exploited for detection. It is shown that the data is coded into the spin-wave amplitude is guided towards one of its two outputs depending on the signal frequency, magnitude, and on the magnetic field. Using micromagnetic simulations, we also propose an integrated magnonic half-adder that consists of two directional couplers and we investigate its functionality for information processing within the magnon domain. In the second part of the talk, I will present the method of inverse-design magnonics, in which any functionality can be specified first, and a feedback-based computational algorithm is used to obtain the device design [4]. Our proof-of-concept prototype is based on a rectangular ferromagnetic area which can be patterned using square shaped voids as shown in Fig. 1b. To demonstrate the universality of this approach, we explore linear, nonlinear and nonreciprocal magnonic functionalities and use the same algorithm to create a magnonic (de-)multiplexer, a nonlinear switch and a circulator. Thus, inverse-design magnonics can be used to develop highly efficient rf applications as well as Boolean and neuromorphic computing building blocks.

**References:**

A. V. Chumak, V. I. Vasyuchka, A. A. Serga, & B. Hillebrands, Nat. Phys. 11, 453 (2015). Q. Wang, B. Heinz, R. Verba, et al. Phys. Rev. Lett. 122, 247202 (2019). Q. Wang, M. Kewenig, M. Schneider, et al. Nat. Electron. 3, 765-774 (2020). Q. Wang, P. Pirro, A. V. Chumak, arXiv:2012.04544.

**Images:**

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/12c3053bde7dbdc6eb5b8bbe6696770d.jpg)
Fig. 1 The evolution from the conventional design (a) to inverse-design (b) magnonic demultiplexers.

 Nanoscale magnonic devices: From conventional to inverse-design magnonics INVITED

The early development of photonic devices [1, 2] is leading the way for their magnonic analogs [3] such as spin-wave (SW) generators [4], couplers [5, 6], and phase shifters [7]. Such basic functional components are necessary for the development of miniaturized and energy-effcient magnetic circuits for processing high-frequency microwave signals. Our study goes along further development of SW devices, to demonstrate circulation [8] and other functionalities using ferromagnetic conduits coupled by resonators in analogy to photonic channel add-drop filters [1]. We investigate the propagation behavior of SW in a cobalt (Co) bi-layer structure separated by a non-magnetic material and coupled with a permalloy (Py) stripe placed between two layers. The layers have a thickness of 5 nm, the separation between the stripe and the layers is of 10 nm and the stripe has a thickness of 50 nm. All elements are saturated in the same in-plane direction, perpendicular to the propagation of SWs. We investigate numerically the SW dynamics governed by the Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equation, solved numerically using the software COMSOL Multiphysics. We study the SWs dynamics with two different approaches. In the first approach, we investigate the SW dispersion relation of the system in the frequency domain. The lattice constant of the system is set at 500 nm. To analyze the origin of different type of interactions and possible functionalization we calculate the dispersion relations for two layers, the stripe only, three layers, and finally for the two layers coupled with the Py stripe. The dispersion relations allow to determine propagation properties, the coupling between the modes and their hybridization. We found that the coupling between the elements is strong at some frequencies at which suitable conditions for control of propagating SWs are formed. As a second approach, we used the time-domain simulations to demonstrate functionality of the proposed system. We excite the system with an antenna generating SWs with a single frequency. We found interesting propagation properties for a 19-GHz spin wave. The excitation of a wave in the top layer generates an edge mode in the Py resonator (Fig. 1a) and the SW is fully transmitted to the bottom layer propagating in the left. The excitation in the bottom layer (Fig. 1b) is not transferring to the top layer even if the Py resonator is weakly excited. Due to inversion symmetry with respect to the horizontal mid-plane, the analogous properties are for SW excited on the right side of the resonator. Thus, we demonstrated the functionality of a circulator in the system which is suitable for further miniaturization through decreasing the size of a resonant element. The proposed system composed of two thin-film SW conduits coupled by a ferromagnetic resonator can operate with different functionalities in dependence on the frequency. The next investigations, at other frequencies, positioned at proximity of other Py resonances, offer other functionalities, like magnetostatic screening from the direct coupling between the waveguides. The operation can be further tuned by changing the magnetization characteristics, magnetic field, and by exploring the third dimension. The research leading to these results has received funding from the Polish National Science Centre, project No. UMO-2018/30/Q/ST3/00416.

**References:**

[1] S. Fan et al. In: Opt. Exp. 3 (Aug. 1998), pp. 4-11. [2] S. Fan et al. In: Phys. Rev. Lett. 80 (Feb. 1998), pp. 960-963. [3] A. Barman and A. Haldar. In: Solid State Phys. 65 (May 2014), pp. 1-108. [4] P. Gruszecki et al. In: Solid State Phys. 6 (Mar. 2016), p. 22367. [5] A. Sadovnikov et al. In: Appl. Phys. Lett. 107 (Nov. 2015), p. 202405. [6] Q. Wang et al. In: Nature Electronics 3 (Dec. 2020), pp. 1-10. [7] Z. Zhang et al. In: J. Phys. D 53.10 (Dec. 2019), p. 105002. [8] K. Szulc et al. In: Phys. Rev. Appl. 14 (Sept. 2020), p. 12.

**Images:**

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/8ea59d302777763a68e7427139755587.jpg)
Fig.1

 Spin-wave Circulation in a Ferromagnetic Resonator with Two Adjacent Layers

Spin waves (SWs) are promising quanta for transmission and processing of information for future communication devices. Excitation and detection of beyond 20 GHz magnons with sub-100 nm wavelength are of key importance [1]. We report on the magnonic grating coupler (MGC) effect [2] for which prepared specific nanopillars. Depending on the type of MGC lattice and nanopillar diameters, magnons are emitted resonantly on the chip in a multitude of directions with different efficiency. We demonstrate the interference effect of short-wave magnons independent of propagation directions. We engineered grating couplers for broadband magnon emission by preparing 100-nm-thick permalloy nanopillars in a periodic square lattice and an aperiodic (Penrose P3) quasicrystalline arrangement [3] on insulating ferrimagnetic yttrium iron garnet (YIG) films. Characteristic lengths amounted 480 nm. Several sub-micron-wide coplanar waveguides (CPWs) with separations of 12 micrometers were integrated on top of the MGC samples to excite/detect SWs by broadband spectroscopy. The MGC sample based on the quasicrystalline arrangement allowed for SW emission omnidirectionally with a broad range of wave vectors. SWs of up to 25.3 GHz were detected in the square lattice-based MGC sample. These parameters were achieved in very small magnetic fields of only a few mT in contrast to previous studies on grating couplers [2]. SWs simultaneously excited by two emitters interfered constructively/destructively at a separate detector antenna depending on the phase difference of the two phase-coherent SWs. Thereby a binary 1/0 output operation could be realized with 70 nm-wavelength magnons over distances of more than 10 micrometers. The applied field direction and specific microwave frequency defined the SW emission direction for the interference experiment. Our study and findings on sub-100 nm magnons are important for future magnonic devices targeting at information processing via wave-logic on the nanoscale. The work was supported by SNSF grant 163016.

**References:**

[1] A.V. Chumak, V. I. Vasyuchka, A. A. Serga et al., Nature Physics, Vol.11, p. 453 (2015) [2] H. Yu, G. Duerr, R. Huber et al., Nat. Commun., Vol. 4, p. 2702 (2013) [3] S. Watanabe, V.S. Bhat, K. Baumgaertl et al., Adv. Funct. Mater., Vol. 30, p. 2001388 (2020)

**Images:**

 Towards Wave-based Logic Operation using Multi-directional sub-100 nm Magnons

Spin-wave based data transport and information processing aims to complement computation technology by exploiting wave logic, with the benefits of potentially reducing the feature size, as well as allowing for data multiplexing and more energy efficient operations [1]. Recent studies provide advanced theoretical models for nano-scaled spin-wave conduits and revealed a reasonably long propagation distance for longitudinally magnetized conduits, thus proving the fundamental feasibility of magnonics at the sub-100nm scale [2]. In contrast, little focus has been put on transversely magnetized nano-conduits. However, these systems are of great interest offering a large group velocity and a potentially protected transport of energy and information caused by the intrinsic chirality of the spin-wave modes [3]. Thus, they promise a significantly enhanced spin-wave decay length. Here, we present a study of propagating spin-wave packets in a transversely magnetized nanoscopic yttrium iron garnet conduit of 50 nm width and 44 nm thickness. Pulsed spin-wave packets are exicted using a coplanar waveguide antenna. Space and time-resolved micro-focused Brillouin-light-scattering spectroscopy is employed to measure the spin-wave group velocity and decay length. As shown in Fig. 1A, a long-range spin-wave propagation is observed with a decay length of up to 8 µm, which is multiple times larger than reported values for the corresponding longitudinal magnetized state [2]. In addition, a large spin-wave lifetime of up to 44.7 ns is found, see Fig. 1B. The results are supported with micro-magnetic simulations, revealing a frequency non-reciprocity for counter-propagating spin waves, see Fig. 1 C, caused by the trapezoidal cross-section of the studied structure and the associated curved internal field distribution which introduces a spacial symmetry break. The presence of this non-reciprocity is experimentally verified and is particularly interesting for an application in spin-wave devices since it allows for a novel device architecture and low-loss unidirectional data transport.

**References:**

[1] A. Mahmoud, F. Ciubotaru, F. Vanderveken, A. V. Chumak, S. Hamdioui, C. Adelmann and S. Cotofana J. of Appl. Phys. 128, 161101 (2020). [2] B. Heinz, T. Brächer, M. Schneider, Q. Wang, B. Lägel, A. M. Friedel, D. Breitbach, S. Steinert, T. Meyer, M. Kewenig, C. Dubs, P. Pirro, and A. V. Chumak, “Propagation of spin-wave packets in individual nano-sized yttrium iron garnet magnonic conduits,” Nano Lett. 20, 4220–4227 (2020). [3] M. Mohseni, R. Verba, T. Brächer, Q. Wang, D. A. Bozhko, B. Hillebrands, and P. Pirro, “Backscattering immunity of dipole-exchange magnetostatic surface spin waves,” Phys. Rev. Lett.122, 197201 (2019).

**Images:**

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/4526d049eeed65a5eb4fdfcbe73371b6.jpg)
Fig. 1 (A) Group velocity and decay length measured via microfocused BLS spectroscopy. The light gray curve is the associated cw excitation spectrum. Frequency shifted due to a magnetic field difference of 0.2 mT. (B) Experimental lifetime derived from the decay length and group velocity. (C) Results of the micro-magnetic simulations. A frequency non-reciprocity is observed for counter-propagating spin waves.

 Long-range propagation of spin waves in transversely magnetized nano-scaled yttrium iron garnet conduits

A slot line waveguide that consists of two equal-width lines induces local magnetization dynamics around each line. Spin waves emitted from the local magnetization dynamics propagate and interact with the other side of the local magnetization dynamics. We have studied the high frequency waveguide’s size dependence of magnetization dynamics to understand the interaction. In our previous study, we reported the interaction for the case of which the magnetic field applied to the film plane [1,2]. We have revealed that the interaction induces the resonantly excited magnetization dynamics, and the excitation condition is determined by the design of lines. In this paper, we study the magnetization dynamics induced by a slot line waveguide with the applied magnetic field perpendicular to the plane. The spin wave mode for our previous study was magnetostatic surface spin waves (MSSW) [3]. When the magnetic field is applied normally to the film plane, forward volume magnetostatic spin waves (FVMSWs) are induced [3]. YIG (111) single crystal thin films with the thickness of 10 µm were epitaxially grown on gadolinium gallium garnet (GGG) (111) single crystal substrates. All the slot line waveguides were fabricated directly on the YIG (111) single crystal thin film using a combination of photolithography, Ar ion milling and sputtering techniques (as) shown in Fig. 1 (a). The line width and the gap between the lines in the waveguides were systematically varied. The high frequency power response was evaluated with a vector network analyzer. The input signal strength was fixed at 0 dBm for all the measurements and the frequency was set at a frequency between 3.0 and 13.0 GHz for each measurement. Figs 2 (a) and (b) show the maginetization dynamics at 7.0 GHz dependent on the line width and the gap, respectively. Multiple peaks were observed for all the measurement conditions. The magnetic field at the peak of magnetization lowered with the increase of the line width. The number of peaks also increased with the line width as well as the distance between lines. It should be noted that the number of peaks is much larger compared to the measurement for in plane [2]. We assume this is caused by the shorter wavelength of spin waves for FVMSW compared to MSSW, which enhances the periodicity of the condition for the same phase between local magnetization dynamics and spin waves. Those experimental results indicate that artificially controlled magnetization dynamics can be effectively induced with the use of FVMSW. We thank GRANOPT Co,Ltd. for their support of YIG single crystal thin films. This work was supported in part by JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number JP18K14114. This work was supported in part by CSRN, Tohoku University. A part of this work was carried out at Nano-Fabrication Support Laboratory, Yamaguchi University supported by "Nanotechnology Platform Project" of the Ministry of Education，Culture，Sports，Science and Technology (MEXT)，Japan. A part of this work was carried out at Nano-Fabrication Support Laboratory, Yamaguchi University supported by "Nanotechnology Platform Project" of the Ministry of Education，Culture，Sports，Science and Technology (MEXT)，Japan.

**References:**

[1] Tetsunori Koda, Sho Muroga, and Yasushi Endo. “Artificial control of magnetization dynamics via spin waves by slot line waveguide.” in Digests of Intermag 2020, session GE-5, Montreal, Canada, 4-8 May, 2020. [2] Tetsunori Koda, Sho Muroga, and Yasushi Endo, “Synchronized excitation of magnetization dynamics via spin waves in Bi-YIG thin film by slot line waveguide” Appl. Phys. Lett. 116, 102403 (2020). [3] A A Serga, A V Chumak, and B Hillebrands. “YIG magnonics” J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 43 264002 (2010).

**Images:**

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/110cf3dc099d22f66347a0a16090ef60.jpg)
Schematic View of measurement set up for magnetization dynamics using a slot line waveguide. Magnetic field is applied to perpendicular to the plane.

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/5f11489dab4811544ec888fa8595d88e.jpg)
Magnetization dynamics measured at 7.0GHz for (a) Line’s width dependence and (b) Line’s gap dependence.

 Enhancement of magnetization dynamics via spin waves by slot line waveguide for perpendicularly magnetized yttrium iron garnet

Phase and amplitude are the fundamental characteristics of waves. The processing of any wave relies on the interference effects, which depend on these characteristics. Thus, the control of spin waves’ (SWs’) phase and amplitude is essential in magnonics to perform both analog and digital SW-based computing [1]. Equally important is the transmission of the information (i.e. guiding and routing of the signal). We present a method for a coherent spin-wave guiding within the narrow magnonic nanostripe. In the magnonic multimode waveguide, scattering between the modes is one of the most important factors for the SW decoherence at the bends. Therefore, the question arises: can we modify the properties of the bending region to block the redistribution of incoming mode into the perpendicularly quantized modes, keeping the transmission as high as possible? Our proposed solution is to fill the bending region with the material of spatially tailored properties, which refract the SW and redirect its propagation strictly along the outgoing section of the waveguide (fig. 1). In other words, we are looking for the particular kind of graded-index (GRIN) element for SWs [2]. To design the GRIN element, we proposed an algorithm which achieving desired properties in a few step. In the first step, we developed the analytical theory for the scattering of exchange SWs on the homogeneous ferromagnetic slab of finite width embedded in a ferromagnetic layer. Minimizing the total energy, we derived the boundary conditions on the interfaces between the slab and its surroundings. As a results, we obtained the complete relations between the phases and amplitudes of the incident and scattered SWs. Later, we used our findings to demonstrate both analytically and numerically anomalous refraction for the purely exchange SWs incident from a waveguide to a semi-infinite film through a flat magnonic GRIN slab (fig. 2). We treat the GRIN element as an inhomogeneous slab linking the waveguide's input and output branches at the bend. For anomalous refraction, the wavefronts of refracted waves are tilted at a desirable angle with respect to wavefronts of the incident waves. The effect can be observed even at normal incidence. This phenomenon requires a linear change of the transmitted waves phase alongside the interface, where the refraction takes place. To describe it, we used the generalization of Snell’s law [3]. From previous step, we knew the phase which is acquired at specific positions so we can conduct analytical calculation of generalized Snell’s law and get the refraction angle. In the ultimate step, we could design the magnonic waveguide with the GRIN element at the bend. Knowing the SW bending, we design the properly shaped curved magnonic waveguide with GRIN element and run micromagnetic simulations. Fig. 1 presents a snapshot from simulations, where results are compared to the structure with the neglected GRIN element. We demonstrate that our findings can be used to guide the spin waves smoothly in curved waveguides, even through sharp bends, without reflection and scattering between different waveguide’s modes, preserving the phase, the quantity essential for wave computing. The systems In all the simulations we consider SW propagation in 5-nm-thick Co-Fe-B film (MS = 1200 kA/m, Aex = 27 pJ/m, neglected dumping) in the presence of the out-of-plane magnetic field (applied along the z-axis) of value μ0H =0.5 T. The SW frequency was 25 GHz. The width of the slab had 150 nm. In the considerations, we neglected dipolar interaction, however we checked and discussed the impact of this kind of interaction on the proposed system. In the first step, we considered reduced magnetization saturation in the slab in the range of 300–800 kA/m or additional anisotropy with anisotropy constant in the range of 0–490 kJ/m3. Anomalous refraction was demonstrated for two-dimensional system (fig. 2) composed of three sections. 100 nm wide waveguide, GRIN element with induced The gradient of the magnetic parameters was induced along the y-axis. Saturation magnetization changes in the range of 300–800 kA/m on the distance 100 nm, with direct contact with waveguide. Finally, using the previous step's knowledge, we design a curved waveguide, which supports coherent SW propagation alongside the waveguide [4].

**References:**

1. G. Csaba, Adam Papp, and W. Porod, Physics Letters A 381, 1471 (2017). 2. C. S. Davies, A. Francis, A. V. Sadovnikov, S. V. Chertopalov, M. T. Bryan, S. V. Grishin, D. A. Allwood, Y. P. Sharaevskii, S. A. Nikitov, and V. V. Kruglyak, Physical Review B 92, 020408 (2015). 3. N. Yu, P. Genevet, M. A. Kats, F. Aieta, J.-P. Tetienne, F. Capasso, and Z. Gaburro, Science 334, 333 (2011). 4. S. Mieszczak, O. Busel, P. Gruszecki, A. N. Kuchko, J. W. Klos and M Krawczyk, Physical Rewiew Applied, 13, 054038 (2020)

**Images:**

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/c5b2b10d64e4866454fdc601539b7621.jpg)
Propagation of SWs in the Co-Fe-B waveguide, where the GRIN slab is placed at the bend (a). The color map represents a dynamical component of the magnetization in the y-direction. A snapshot is taken at the moment when a steady state is reached. At the beginning of the horizontal branch of the waveguide, the microwave antenna excites the SWs and at the end of the tilted branch, the SWs are damped to avoid reflections. After taking a turn, the SWs propagate smoothly. (b) SWs’ propagation in the waveguide without a gradient of magnetic parameters. After taking a turn, the SWs show a complex behaviour due to interference between different modes of the waveguide.

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/3fa7beebd86a61c5827762d94196f890.jpg)
The geometry of the simulation system with the GRIN element used to demonstrate anomalous refraction. The system consists of the ferromagnetic slab (B) characterized by the gradient of magnetic parameters (e.g., saturation magnetization MS or anisotropy field Ha) which links the straight section of the waveguide and the semi-infinite plane made of the homogeneous material A. The magnetic parameters in the slab B are changing in the y-direction. At each x-z cross-section, the phase shift of transmitted wave is different, which allows refracting the plane wave propagating initially in the x-direction.

 Anomalous Refraction of Spin Waves as a Way to Guide Signals in Curved Magnonic Multimode Waveguides

It is now well established that the propagation of spin waves can be controlled by using approaches similar to those used in optics. In recent years particular attention was given to the possibility to controllably focus propagating spin waves. Such focusing can be achieved relatively easily in confined geometries. In the case of extended magnetic films, the implementation of spin-wave focusing appears to be less straightforward. Several approaches have been suggested. However, all of them are rather complex in terms of practical implementation, particularly on the nanoscale. Here, we experimentally demonstrate tight focusing of a spin-wave beam excited in extended nanometer-thick films of YIG by a simple microscopic antenna functioning as a single-slit near-field lens. We show that the focal distance and the minimum transverse width of the focal spot can be controlled in a broad range by varying the frequency/wavelength of spin waves and the antenna geometry. The experimental data are in good agreement with the results of numerical simulations. Our findings provide a simple solution for the implementation of magnonic nanodevices requiring a local concentration of the spin-wave energy.

**References:**

B. Divinskiy, N. Thiery, L. Vila, O. Klein, N. Beaulieu, J. Ben Youssef, S. O. Demokritov, and V. E. Demidov, Appl. Phys. Lett. 116, 062401 (2020)

**Images:**

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/678744363a23cd07e63934a39dba2cab.jpg)
Fig.1 Schematic of the experiment.

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/224225623364fe1dd737aeb316342533.jpg)
Fig. 2 Measured intensity map of spin waves radiated by the antenna.

 Sub-Micrometer Near-Field Focusing of Spin Waves in Ultrathin YIG Films

Magnonics utilizing spin waves for information transport, storage, and processing offers an alternative for CMOS-based technology free of detrimental Joule heating at high operation frequency [1]. The realization of magnonic devices requires active control of spin waves and low transmission losses. Magnonic crystals, i.e., metamaterials with periodically modulated magnetic properties, made of yttrium iron garnet (YIG) are promising candidates for performing such tasks because of ultralow magnetic damping [2]. Thus far, several types of micrometer-thick YIG magnonic crystals have been explored including crystals made of periodic shallow airgrooves, metallic stripe arrays on top of a YIG film, and width-modulated YIG structures [2]. On the other hand, programmable control of spin-wave transmission in micrometer-thick YIG films has been demonstrated using current-carrying meander structures [3], optical absorbers [4], and strain coupling to a piezoelectric layer [5]. However, micrometer-thick YIG magnonic crystals with a large number of crystal units are not compatible with miniaturized on-chip device integration. In addition, magnonic crystals based on thick YIG films exhibit small bandgaps in the range 5 MHz – 50 MHz, which limits the manipulation of propagating spin waves. Low-loss nanomagnonics requires smaller YIG magnonic crystals with larger tunable bandgaps [6]. Here, we present the experimental realization of magnonic crystals made of only 2 - 4 discrete 260-nm-thick YIG stripes with robust bandgaps up to 200 MHz for Damon-Eshbach spin waves [7]. The YIG stripes of the magnonic crystal are separated by airgrooves or grooves filled by CoFeB. Compared to micrometer-thick YIG films, the opening of larger bandgaps with less crystal units in arrays of thin YIG stripes is explained by strong Bragg reflection on the individual scatterers. Moreover, efficient dipolar coupling between the YIG stripes via in-plane dynamic fields facilitates low-loss transmission in the allowed bands of the magnonic crystal. The bandgaps of the nanometer-thick YIG magnonic crystals are tunable through a variation of the groove depth, lattice constant, and film thickness [8]. For instance, the bandgaps of a 260-nm-thick YIG crystal widen upon an increase of the groove depth from half to full film thickness. Importantly, low-loss spin-wave transmission in the allowed bands of the magnonic crystal is hardly affected by the patterning of fully discrete YIG stripes. Downscaling of the YIG film thickness to 35 nm decreases the bandgap size through a flattening of the spin-wave dispersion relation. We show that a reduction in the lattice constant effectively compensates for this trend. For 65-nm-thick YIG crystals, we realized 100–200 MHz bandgaps by decreasing the lattice constant from 50 µm to 10 µm. Finally, we show that robust bandgaps up to 220 MHz in combination with low-loss spin-wave transmission at allowed frequencies are attained in a 45-nm-thick YIG crystal with a lattice constant of 2 µm (see Fig. 1). We anticipate that further downscaling of YIG magnonic crystals to the nanoscale is possible through an optimization of the fabrication process and efficient spin-wave excitation over a broad range of wave vectors.

**References:**

[1] A.V. Chumak et al., Nat. Phys. 11, 453 (2015) [2] A.V. Chumak et al., J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 50 244001 (2017) [3] A.V. Chumak et al., Nat. Commun. 1, 141 (2010) [4] M. Vogel et al., Nat. Phys. 11, 487 (2015) [5] A.V. Sadovnikov et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 120, 257203 (2018) [6] M. Krawczyk et al., J. Phys. Condens. Matter 26 (2014) [7] H.J. Qin et al., Nat. Commun. 9, 5445 (2018) [8] H.J. Qin et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 116, 202403 (2020)

**Images:**

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/8e63382b69aa64034d71dd49d355d495.jpg)
Fig. 1: (a) Contour plot of spin-wave transmission spectra (amplitude of S12) for a YIG magnonic crystal as a function of external magnetic field. The crystal consists of four 0.5-µm-wide airgrooves with a separation of 2 µm. (b) Line profile of spin-wave transmission (blue curve) for an external magnetic field of 5 mT and a reference spectrum (orange curve) measured on an unpatterned part of the same YIG film. (c) Dispersion relation of Damon-Eshbach spin waves in YIG for a magnetic field of 5 mT. The horizontal and vertical dashed lines indicate the bandgap center frequencies and corresponding Bragg scattering wave vectors. (d) Measured gap size of the first bandgap as a function of external magnetic field.

 Low-loss magnonic crystals based on nanometer-thick YIG films

Spin waves (SWs) are emerging as a potential alternative to electrical signals for computing and signal processing. Because SWs have relatively short wavelengths at microwave frequencies, they have the potential for applications in high-speed chip-scale electronics [1]. This work seeks to design and fabricate a spin-wave-based real-time spectrum analyzer that exploits SW interference in analogy to an optical spectrometer [2]. Here, microwave electrical signals are converted into SWs. All processing is then done by the diffraction and interference of SWs as they propagate in a magnetic thin film. After the interference pattern forms, SWs are then converted back into electrical signals. This type of device requires SWs having an isotropic dispersion relation, which, in turn, requires an out-of-plane DC bias field. These spin waves are forward-volume spin waves (FVSW). The focus of the work presented here is to explore the design space of a microwave-to-spin-wave transducer for FVSWs, where the microwave signal is introduced by a coplanar waveguide (CPW). The SW excitation spectrum of an external RF magnetic field acting on a magnetic thin film is the result of the interference between SWs launched from all points of the film that are excited by the magnetic field. For a magnetic field from a CPW, this interference results in a comb-like spatial-frequency response, which is equivalent to the Fourier transform (FT) of the spatial distribution of the magnetic field that acts on the magnetic film [3]. However, because the device described above requires a relatively constant transfer function over the full bandwidth, i.e., without nulls, the comb-like excitation spectrum from a CPW would not be suitable for our applications. Launching spin waves from the edge of the film can be used to improve the spin-wave excitation spectrum for a couple of reasons. First, it has been shown that the edge of a film can be an efficient broadband source of spin-waves [4]. And second, because only part of the CPW’s field acts on the magnetic film, the FT of only that part describes the excitation spectrum; the FT of the spatial distribution is more delta-function-like and therefore is more broadband than the previous case. To design the edge-launched SW transducer, micromagnetic simulations were done in Mumax3 [5] using the magnetic field from CPWs simulated in Ansys HFSS. Our simulations (Fig. 1) show the frequency response of this simulated structure with the edge 2 μm away from the CPW. These simulations verify that the transducer’s excitation spectrum is improved, i.e., made more uniform, by placing the CPW beside the edge of the film rather than on top of the film. This improved bandwidth comes at the cost of transducer efficiency, since only the field to the side of the CPW acts on the magnetic film. Because the magnetic field decreases rapidly with distance from the CPW, the edge of the film should be as close to the CPW as possible to increase coupling between the CPW and the film. Representative waveforms given in Fig. 2 show that because the small out-of-plane component of the RF magnetic field is parallel to the large DC-bias magnetic field, it contributes very little to the excitation of a SW compared to the in-plane components of the field. The results of the simulations show that for the same magnetic field, raising the bottom of the CPW increases the in-plane component of the field and increases the amplitude of the SW. Yet another configuration would be to place the CPW on the magnetic film and create an edge-launcher by etching a gap in the film to the side of the CPW. Excessively large fields can produce unstable spin-waves with additional unwanted undesirable frequency components [6]. With a gap in the magnetic material, the internal magnetic field crosses the gap at a reduced field strength, removing the unwanted structure and resulting in SWs at the desired wavelength, as well as a smoother frequency response (Fig. 1.). The structure of the previous paragraph was simulated with the properties of an YIG thin film having different thicknesses (30 nm and 243 nm). It is found that increasing the distance between the gap and the CPW increases the amplitude of the resulting SW with diminishing returns, as shown in Fig. 2. With a gap that is 2 μm wide and 6 μm away from the CPW, we find that for the thinner film this structure produces a SW with a smaller amplitude than when the material underneath the CPW is nonmagnetic and the edge is flush with CPW. However, with the thicker film (Fig. 2), the structure with the magnetic film under the CPW produces a larger SW than the structure without the magnetic material under the CPW.

**References:**

[1] G. Csaba, Á. Papp and W. Porod, Physics Letters A, Vol. 381, no. 17, pp. 1471-1476 (2017) [2] Á. Papp, et al., Scientific Reports, vol. 7, no. 1, pp.9245-9245 (2017) [3] S. Maendl, I. Stasinopoulos and D. Grundler, Applied Physics Letters, vol. 111, no. 1, p. 012403 (2017) [4] F. Mushenok, et al., Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 111, p. 042404 (2017) [5] A. Vansteenkiste, et al., AIP Advances, vol. 4, no. 10, p. 107133 (2014) [6] H. Aquino, et al., poster presented at the 78th Device Research Conference

**Images:**

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/09cf474cf41a0ae00817c2d3cf2617d2.jpg)
Fig. 1. The spatial frequency response of simulated microwave to SW transducers with the CPW placed to the side of the film with and without magnetic material underneath the CPW. The same magnetic field was used for both transducers. The FT of the field is shown to illustrate the comb-like response of a CPW on the film.

![](https://assets.underline.io/uploads/markdown_image/1/image/67403ddf0bb41726426c09e479eb943c.jpg)
Fig. 2. Simulation results with SWs (in-plane magnetization, Mx) launched from the edge of a 243 nm thick YIG film. All plots begin at the edge of the magnetic film. 1) The edge is flush to the CPW and the bottom of the 300 nm thick CPW is in the same plane as the bottom of the magnetic film; 2) the CPW is on the magnetic film with a 2 μm gap etched to the side of the CPW; 3) the CPW is raised on nonmagnetic material such that the bottom of the CPW is in the same plane as the top of the magnetic film; and 4) the CPW is on the magnetic film with the gap 6 μm to the side.

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