United States

Most current large language models (LLMs) support a wide variety of languages in addition to English, including high-resource languages (e.g. German, Chinese, French), as well as low-resource ones (e.g. Swahili, Telugu). In addition they have shown impressive capabilities in different domains, like coding, science and math. In this paper, taking math as an example domain, we study the performance of different LLMs across languages. Experimental results show that there exists a non-negligible and consistent gap in the performance of the models across languages. Interestingly, and somewhat against expectations, the gap exists for both high- and low-resource languages. These results should impact further research into cross-lingual capability generalization for next generation LLMs. Or they would, if it weren&#39;t for the fact that they are false. By analyzing one of the standard multilingual math benchmarks (MGSM), we determine that several translation errors are present in the data. Furthermore, the lack of standardized answer extraction from LLM outputs further influences the final results. We propose a method for semi-automatic quality assurance to address the first issue at scale, and give recommendations to address the second one. Combining these two approaches we show that the aforementioned language gap mostly disappears, leading to completely different conclusions from our research. We additionally release the corrected dataset to the community.

ACL 2026

Mind the Gap... or Not? How Translation Errors and Evaluation Details Skew Multilingual Results

capability transfer

benchmark artifacts

multilingual grade school math (mgsm)

translation errors

cross-lingual generalization

multilingual evaluation

data quality

evaluation methodology

mathematical reasoning

**Welcome to EMNLP 2023!**

On behalf of the EMNLP 2023 Organizing Committee, I extend a warm and heartfelt welcome to all of you to the 2023 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP). It is with immense pleasure and excitement that we gather here in Singapore, a vibrant hub of innovation and technological advancement.

The conference program is packed with insightful presentations, thought-provoking workshops, and engaging networking opportunities. In addition to the technical sessions, we have also planned several social events that will provide you with the opportunity to connect with your colleagues.

The conference is held in person at the Resorts World Convention Centre in Singapore, and available on-line with the help of Underline.

For those in Singapore, I hope that you will find time to explore the exciting Sentosa Island, Gardens by the Bay, Singapore Botanic Gardens and the many other attractions unique to Singapore.

Of course, we are grateful to our sponsors and partners for their generous support of EMNLP 2023, whose contributions make it possible for us to host this world-class event.

Yuji Matsumoto (RIKEN AIP) 
EMNLP 2023 General Chair

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EMNLP 2023

EMNLP 2023 took place in Singapore from Dec 6th to Dec 10th, 2023.

Most current large language models (LLMs) support a wide variety of languages in addition to English, including high-resource languages (e.g. German, Chinese, French), as well as low-resource ones (e.g. Swahili, Telugu). In addition they have shown impressive capabilities in different domains, like coding, science and math. In this paper, taking math as an example domain, we study the performance of different LLMs across languages. Experimental results show that there exists a non-negligible and consistent gap in the performance of the models across languages. Interestingly, and somewhat against expectations, the gap exists for both high- and low-resource languages. These results should impact further research into cross-lingual capability generalization for next generation LLMs. Or they would, if it weren't for the fact that they are false. By analyzing one of the standard multilingual math benchmarks (MGSM), we determine that several translation errors are present in the data. Furthermore, the lack of standardized answer extraction from LLM outputs further influences the final results. We propose a method for semi-automatic quality assurance to address the first issue at scale, and give recommendations to address the second one. Combining these two approaches we show that the aforementioned language gap mostly disappears, leading to completely different conclusions from our research. We additionally release the corrected dataset to the community.

workshop paper

It is my great pleasure and honor to welcome you to the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL 2026), held in San Diego, California, USA, July 2–7, 2026. ACL 2026 continues our fields tradition of excellence in scholarship, innovation, and inclusivity, and I am deeply grateful to the many volunteers who have worked tirelessly to bring this event to life.

It is exciting to see the many developments in the field reflected at our conference, such as the advancement of large language models (born out of our community) into many application directions. This is not without challenges, partly due to unsolved problems, and partly due to misuse of the technology. All this is reflected well at ACL 2026. The conference also reflects that the field is not only about advancing technology, but also the science of fundamentally understanding language and how it is use by many different speaker communities. 
[Full Message from General Chair Philipp Koehn](https://drive.google.com/file/d/1QiJFOmMjvDgsDo3i1XzlQnImxe3RU_Cy/view?usp=sharing) 
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The 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL 2026) will take place in San Diego, California, from July 2 - 7, 2026.

Multi-constraint instruction following requires verifying whether a response satisfies multiple individual requirements, yet LLM judges are often assessed only through overall-response judgments. We introduce MCJudgeBench, a benchmark for constraint-level judge evaluation in multi-constraint instruction following. Each instance includes an instruction, a candidate response, an explicit constraint list, per-constraint gold labels in {yes, partial, no}, and controlled response-side perturbations. The evaluation protocol further includes evaluation prompt variants to test judge stability. We evaluate proprietary and open-source LLM judges using both correctness and inconsistency metrics, distinguishing intrinsic inconsistency under stochastic decoding from procedural inconsistency under prompt and response perturbations. Our results show that judge reliability has multiple dimensions: strong overall performance does not guarantee equally reliable detection across label categories, especially for rarer partial and no cases. Judges with higher correctness do not always have lower inconsistency. Evaluation with reasoning improves correctness but does not uniformly improve stability. These findings motivate evaluating LLM judges at the constraint level to study these failure modes.

MCJudgeBench: A Benchmark for Constraint-Level Judge Evaluation in Multi-Constraint Instruction Following

Most medical benchmarks for large language models test factual recall through multiple-choice questions, but on-the-ground physicians do not have the luxury of four options to choose from. NOHARM (Wu et al., 2025) demonstrated this limitation using 100 real eConsult cases annotated by 29 board-certified physicians, showing that action-level evaluation reveals omission and commission failure modes invisible to multiple-choice tests. However, NOHARM’s cases are closed and their creation required substantial expert physician time, creating a human bottleneck that limits the scalability and openness of this evaluation approach. We present MedAct, an open replication of NOHARM’s evaluation methodology using synthetically generated cases. Our contribution is a multi-stage generation pipeline that uses language models grounded in clinical practice guidelines to produce 100 cases across ten specialties, each containing roughly 50 plausible next-step actions labeled as Appropriate or Inappropriate using NOHARM’s scoring framework. The pipeline includes structural quality controls: 83 of 100 cases pass all five automated checks, and answer-leaking language appears in only 0.06% of actions. In a pilot evaluation of nine contemporary LLMs using this synthetic benchmark, we observe patterns consistent with NOHARM’s findings on human-curated cases, including that omissions dominate error volume while commissions dominate severe errors. We release all cases, rubrics, generation tooling, and scoring code openly, removing the human-bottleneck barrier to action-level clinical LLM evaluation.

MedAct: Removing the Human Bottleneck in Benchmarking Clinical LLM Safety

Long-form question answering (LFQA) demands nuanced evaluation of multi-sentence explanatory responses, yet existing metrics often fail to reflect human judgment. We present LFQA-HP-1M, a large-scale dataset comprising 1.3M human pairwise preference annotations for LFQA. We propose nine rubrics for answer quality evaluation, and show that simple linear models based on these features perform comparably to state-of-the-art LLM evaluators. We further examine transitivity consistency, positional bias, and verbosity biases in LLM evaluators and demonstrate their vulnerability to adversarial perturbations. Overall, this work provides one of the largest public LFQA preference datasets and a rubric-driven framework for transparent and reliable evaluation.

LFQA-HP-1M: A Large-Scale Human Preference Dataset for Long-Form Question Answering

We present NanoFlux, a novel adversarial framework for generating targeted training data to improve LLM reasoning, where adversarially-generated datasets of $\leq 200$ examples outperform conventional fine-tuning approaches. The framework employs a competitive dynamic between models alternating as Attacker and Defender, supervised by a tool-augmented Judge, synthesizing multi-step questions with explanatory annotations. Fine-tuning a 4B-parameter model on NanoFlux-generated data yields performance gains across diverse domains compared to full-benchmark fine-tuning: +5.9\% on mathematical reasoning, +3.6\% on scientific reasoning, and +16.6\% on medical reasoning, while reducing computational requirements by 3-14×. Ablation studies reveal a non-monotonic relationship between dataset characteristics and model performance, uncovering domain-specific optimal points for question complexity and reasoning quality. NanoFlux automates training data generation through embedding-based novelty filtering, tool-augmented evaluation, and multi-hop reasoning, pointing to the value of small, targeted training datasets.

NanoFlux: Adversarial Dual-LLM Evaluation and Distillation for Multi-Domain Reasoning

We provide a comprehensive review of the FRUIT (Faithfully Reflecting Updated Information in Text) task, which formalizes the challenge of accurately updating textual information with large language models (LLMs). Our work begins with an in-depth analysis of the FRUIT dataset, revealing key structural insights. We also investigate the unsupervised capabilities of LLMs—such as zero-shot learning, chain-of-thought reasoning, self-reflection, and evidence ordering. Experimental results demonstrate that unsupervised approaches perform competitively with supervised methods in faithful text updating. Qualitative analysis shows that updates utilizing table-structured evidence outperform those based on unstructured text. We also discuss important limitations, including the need for new datasets and the risks of information leakage in this domain. These findings have significant implications for applications requiring precise document updates, such as software engineering, technical documentation, and legal document maintenance.

Evaluating the Reliability of LLMs in Faithfully Updating Text: An Empirical Study

Contextual text classification with BERT typically relies on the [CLS] token representation for downstream prediction. While effective under standard conditions, [CLS]-based pooling is brittle under adversarial perturbation, as its single-vector representation is indiscriminately influenced by injected adversarial tokens. We propose Per-Dimension Top-K Average Pooling, a pooling strategy that, for each hidden dimension, selectively aggregates only the top-K token activations rather than the full sequence — effectively controlling which tokens contribute to the final representation. This token-level selectivity acts as a natural filter against adversarial injection: tokens that do not rank among the top-K for a given dimension are suppressed from aggregation. We evaluate our approach against CLS, Global Average Pooling (GAP), Global Max Pooling (GMP), and Hybrid variants across three text classification domains: spam detection (Enron and LingSpam), automated essay scoring (ASAP), and hate speech classification. On the Enron spam dataset under adversarial attack, our best Hybrid (K=3) variant reduces the Attack Success Rate from 70.65\% to 37.07\% while maintaining clean accuracy above 99\%, compared to CLS which degrades to 63.64\% adversarial accuracy. Representation-level analyses further corroborate these findings: Top-K pooling variants exhibit substantially lower cosine similarity shift under attack, and adversarially injected tokens enter the top-K selection in far fewer dimensions compared to CLS. These results suggest that per-dimension token selectivity offers a principled and lightweight mechanism for adversarial robustness in BERT-based classifiers without any modification to the underlying model architecture.

Not All Tokens Are Equal: Per-Dimension Top-K Pooling for Adversarially Robust BERT Classification

Agentic systems for business process automation often require compliance with policies governing conditional updates to the system state. Evaluation of policy adherence in LLM-based agentic workflows is typically performed by comparing the final system state against a predefined ground truth. While this approach detects explicit policy violations, it may overlook a more subtle class of issues in which agents bypass required policy checks, yet reach a correct outcome due to favorable circumstances. We refer to such cases as \textit{near-misses} or \textit{latent failures}. In this work, we introduce a novel metric for detecting latent policy failures in agent conversations traces. Building on the ToolGuard framework, which converts natural-language policies into executable guard code, our method analyzes agent trajectories to determine whether agent's tool-calling decisions where sufficiently informed. We evaluate our approach on the $\tau^2$-verified Airlines benchmark across several contemporary open and proprietary LLMs acting as agents. Our results show that latent failures occur in 8--17\% of trajectories involving mutating tool calls, even when the final outcome matches the expected ground-truth state. These findings reveal a blind spot in current evaluation methodologies and highlight the need for metrics that assess not only final outcomes but also the decision process leading to them.

Near-Miss: Latent Policy Failure Detection in Agentic Workflows

Curriculum learning trains models by progressively introducing examples from easy to difficult. While effective, two key challenges remain: how to define example difficulty and how to schedule training data appropriately. We present PUDF, a framework that addresses both challenges using Item Response Theory (IRT). First, IRT-AC estimates global, model-independent difficulty parameters for training examples by fitting an IRT model to response patterns from an artificial crowd of diverse LLMs. Second, DDS-MAE estimates model ability on the same IRT scale during each training epoch and selects training data accordingly. Experiments with Llama 3.1-8B and Qwen 2.5-7B across GLUE, AG News, MedQA, and GSM8K show that PUDF consistently improves accuracy and reduces training time by up to 70%, outperforming state-of-the-art curriculum learning methods.

A Psychology-based Unified Dynamic Framework for Curriculum Learning

How should we evaluate generation systems that combine autoregressive (AR) and diffusion decoding? We study this question through *Speculative Refinement* (SpecRef), a training-free hybrid method that warm-starts a masked diffusion language model from an AR draft using entropy-guided selective masking. Evaluating SpecRef across six benchmarks (HumanEval, MBPP, GSM8K, BBH, ARC-Challenge, HellaSwag) with three distinct evaluation protocols (execution-based pass@1, exact-match, log-likelihood scoring), we surface several findings relevant beyond our specific system: (1) code benchmarks conflate structural discovery} with logical correctness: providing a syntactic scaffold lifts accuracy from near zero to over 20\% without changing the model, indicating that much of the baseline failure is structural; (2) a *refinement tension* phenomenon where multi-stage correction degrades already-correct tokens, exposing benchmark saturation ceilings invisible to single-model evaluation; (3) log-likelihood and generative evaluation produce different model rankings for the same model pair, suggesting they measure different capabilities; (4) standard Python post-processing silently breaks code evaluation for non-AR generators. These observations apply to any multi-stage or non-autoregressive generation pipeline and point toward more diagnostic evaluation practices.

Speculative Refinement: A Hybrid Autoregressive Diffusion Decoding Strategy and Its Behavior Across Benchmarks

With the growing need for evaluating Large Language Models (LLMs) and their applications to speech, challenges persist in summarizing and evaluating conversations that lack a clear end goal. We introduce SAUCE -- a reference-free, fact-based evaluation pipeline for cross-lingual conversational speech summarization. It measures the accuracy and the fact coverage of a summary through the entailment between conversation and text. We compare SAUCE against several popular summarization metrics and demonstrate the effectiveness of capturing information loss due to transcription and translation error and identifying broken summaries. Crucially, unlike black-box LLM evaluators or dense embedding metrics, SAUCE is inherently explainable: it maps summary scores to discrete, verifiable facts, allowing users to pinpoint exact hallucinations or omissions. We illustrate how this interpretability helps developers systematically profile LLM behaviors and gives end-users an actionable tool to verify summary accuracy in noisy, real-world conditions. Preliminary investigations show SAUCE strongly align with human judgment.

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