United States

While NLP typically treats documents as independent and unordered samples, in longitudinal studies, this assumption rarely holds: documents are nested within authors and ordered in time, forming person-indexed, time-ordered $\textit{behavioral sequences}$.
Here, we demonstrate the need for and propose a longitudinal modeling and evaluation paradigm that consequently updates four parts of the NLP pipeline: 
(1) evaluation splits aligned to generalization over people ($\textit{cross-sectional}$) and/or time ($\textit{prospective}$); 
(2) accuracy metrics separating between-person differences from within-person dynamics; 
(3) sequence inputs to incorporate history by default; and 
(4) model internals that support different $\textit{coarseness}$ of latent state over histories (pooled summaries, explicit dynamics, or interaction-based models).
We demonstrate the issues ensued by traditional pipeline and our proposed improvements on a dataset of 17k daily diary transcripts paired with PTSD symptom severity from 238 participants, finding that traditional document-level evaluation can yield substantially different and sometimes reversed conclusions compared to our ecologically valid modeling and evaluation. 
We tie our results to a broader discussion motivating a shift from word-sequence evaluation toward $\textit{behavior-sequence}$ paradigms for NLP.

ACL 2026

 From Word Sequences to Behavioral Sequences: Adapting Modeling and Evaluation Paradigms for Longitudinal NLP

It is my great pleasure and honor to welcome you to the 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL 2026), held in San Diego, California, USA, July 2–7, 2026. ACL 2026 continues our fields tradition of excellence in scholarship, innovation, and inclusivity, and I am deeply grateful to the many volunteers who have worked tirelessly to bring this event to life.

It is exciting to see the many developments in the field reflected at our conference, such as the advancement of large language models (born out of our community) into many application directions. This is not without challenges, partly due to unsolved problems, and partly due to misuse of the technology. All this is reflected well at ACL 2026. The conference also reflects that the field is not only about advancing technology, but also the science of fundamentally understanding language and how it is use by many different speaker communities. <br>
[Full Message from General Chair Philipp Koehn](https://drive.google.com/file/d/1QiJFOmMjvDgsDo3i1XzlQnImxe3RU_Cy/view?usp=sharing) <br><br><br>
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The 64th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL 2026) will take place in San Diego, California, from July 2 - 7, 2026.

poster

The hubness problem, in which hub embeddings are close to many unrelated examples, occurs often in high-dimensional embedding spaces and may pose a practical threat for purposes such as information retrieval and automatic evaluation metrics.
In particular, since cross-modal similarity between text and images cannot be calculated by direct comparisons, such as string matching, cross-modal encoders that project different modalities into a shared space are helpful for various cross-modal applications, and thus, the existence of hubs may pose practical threats.
To reveal the vulnerabilities of cross-modal encoders, we propose a method for identifying the hub embedding and its corresponding hub text.
Experiments on image captioning evaluation in MSCOCO and nocaps along with image-to-text retrieval tasks in MSCOCO and Flickr30k showed that our method can identify a single hub text that unreasonably achieves comparable or higher similarity scores than human-written reference captions in many images, thereby revealing the vulnerabilities in cross-modal encoders.

One Single Hub Text Breaks CLIP: Identifying Vulnerabilities in Cross-Modal Encoders via Hubness

Prior work evaluating emotion and affective understanding in large language models (LLMs) typically rely on predetermined label sets or focus on a singular evaluation task (e.g., emotion detection). We consider affective states, referring to the much broader variety of terms people use to label their emotional experiences. We evaluate multilingual language models’ understanding of affective states in English and Spanish through three different tasks: 1) _identification_, where models predict an affective state given text, 2) _expression_, where models generate text expressing a given affective state, and 3) _verification_, where models report whether a given term refers to an affective state. We show that performance on one task is not necessarily predictive of performance on another. Using these three tasks, we then begin to explore when and why models struggle to understand particular affective states compared to others. We examine systematic patterns in the affective state terms that are well and poorly understood by models, characterizing the working emotion vocabulary of LLMs.

 Characterizing and Evaluating Working Emotion Vocabularies in Multilingual Large Language Models

Non-autoregressive (NAR) models have been mainly developed to improve decoding efficiency. Lately, they have also shown great potential in controlled text generation tasks. In this work, we investigate the decoding space of NAR models through lexically constrained machine translation tasks, and develop a search-based decoding algorithm named LexMAP, which is comparable to the autoregressive Grid Beam Search (GBS) method. Our analysis reveals several interesting properties of NAR decoding: 1) the NAR-based method does not suffer from the MAP degradation issue as the autoregressive method does; 2) AR beam search exhibits strong positional bias, in which the candidates only diverge at the end of the sequence; 3) NAR search explores a larger portion of the probability space, suggesting that the search algorithm better exploits the model's potential.

Diving into the Decoding Space of Non-Autoregressive Models via Lexically Constrained Search

Understanding how large language models (LLMs) store, retain, and remove knowledge is critical for interpretability, reliability, and privacy compliance. We reveal a key phenomenon: machine unlearning imprints distinct geometric signatures in the model's input loss landscape (ILL), with unlearned examples forming flat, low-curvature plateaus that contrast sharply with the high-curvature basins of retained or unseen examples. Remarkably, these patterns emerge even when pointwise losses overlap, exposing residual memorization through input-output behavior alone. 

Building on this insight, we introduce **REMIND (Residual Memorization in Neighborhood Dynamics)**, a framework that diagnoses memorization states (retained, forgotten, holdout) by probing local ILL curvature over semantically coherent neighborhoods. REMIND operates using only loss queries and a novel embedding-proximity perturbation method to generate controlled, interpretable variants. 

In evaluations, REMIND achieves 82% multi-class ROC-AUC, outperforming baselines like ROUGE-L and MIN-K%++, with roughly 2× higher AUC at 1% FPR, and remains robust on paraphrased inputs. This neighborhood-level geometric analysis provides a practical, interpretable lens on LLM knowledge retention and unlearning, detecting subtle residual signals missed by pointwise or aggregated metrics.

REMIND: Memorization and Unlearning in LLMs Through the Lens of Input Loss Landscapes

Large language models face fundamental trade-offs when processing long documents: full context is expensive and may exceed limits, while RAG risks missing relevant information. We evaluate four context strategies across six frontier models on three document formats (Word, Excel, and PowerPoint). Our key finding: agentic tool-augmented approaches dramatically outperform passive strategies, with RAG+Tools achieving 46\% accuracy vs 6\% for RAG-only. Tool benefits are consistent across formats (+28-40 points) and models. We further show that (1) intelligent routing matters more than iteration count, (2) tools provide unique capability beyond reasoning loops, and (3) forcing active exploration matches providing context proactively. These results suggest tool augmentation is crucial for complex document QA.

Agentic Context Strategies for Multi-Format Document Understanding: When Should Language Models Use Tools?

Large language models applied to clinical prediction exhibit case-level heterogeneity: simple cases yield consistent outputs, while complex cases produce divergent predictions under minor prompt changes. Existing single-agent strategies sample from one role-conditioned distribution, and multi-agent frameworks use fixed roles with flat majority voting, discarding the diagnostic signal in disagreement. We propose CAMP (Case-Adaptive Multi-agent Panel), where an attending-physician agent dynamically assembles a specialist panel tailored to each case's diagnostic uncertainty. Each specialist evaluates candidates via three-valued voting (KEEP/REFUSE/NEUTRAL), enabling principled abstention outside one's expertise. A hybrid router directs each diagnosis through strong consensus, fallback to the attending physician's judgment, or evidence-based arbitration that weighs argument quality over vote counts. On diagnostic prediction and brief hospital course generation from MIMIC-IV across four LLM backbones, CAMP consistently outperforms strong baselines while consuming fewer tokens than most competing multi-agent methods, with voting records and arbitration traces offering transparent decision audits.

One Panel Does Not Fit All: Case-Adaptive Multi-Agent Deliberation for Clinical Prediction

Multi-agent LLM workflows, which are AI systems composed of multiple role-specialized LLM calls, often outperform single prompts, but they are notoriously difficult to debug and refine. Failures can originate from subtle mistakes in intermediate artifacts that silently propagate downstream, forcing developers to read long traces and guess which agent to edit. We present PROTEA, a unified UI that closes the loop for offline, test-case--driven improvement of multi-agent workflows, enabling developers to efficiently diagnose and fix errors without manual inspection of long traces. PROTEA executes a workflow, scores intermediate artifacts with configurable evaluators, and overlays per-node states and rationales on the workflow graph to localize likely bottlenecks. To address the difficulty of preparing intermediate reference in complex systems, PROTEA performs backward node evaluation by inferring each node's ideal expected output from terminal supervision and graph context, and comparing it with the observed node output. For a selected node, it proposes a targeted prompt patch as an editable diff, then automatically re-runs and re-evaluates the workflow to show before/after output diffs and score trajectories within the same interface. Using PROTEA, users can visually pinpoint system-wide bottlenecks at a glance, streamline remediation via semi-automated prompt patching, and immediately verify pre- and post-correction outcomes within a unified loop.

G-D1 PROTEA: Offline Evaluation and Iterative Refinement for Multi-Agent LLM Workflows

Understanding character relationships is essential for interpreting complex narratives and conducting socially grounded AI research. However, manual annotation is time-consuming and low in coverage, while large language models (LLMs) often produce hallucinated or logically inconsistent outputs. We present SymbolicThought, a human-in-the-loop framework that combines LLM-based extraction with symbolic reasoning. The system constructs editable character relationship graphs, refines them using seven types of logical constraints, and enables real-time validation and conflict resolution through an interactive interface. To support logical supervision and explainable social analysis, we release a dataset of 160 interpersonal relationships with corresponding logical structures. Experiments show that SymbolicThought improves annotation accuracy and consistency while significantly reducing time cost, offering a practical tool for narrative understanding, explainable AI, and LLM evaluation. A screencast (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nb10-bDCkRU) and demo (http://104.168.96.23:3000/) are available online.

G-D2 SymbolicThought: Integrating Language Models and Symbolic Reasoning for Consistent and Interpretable Human Relationship Understanding

Real-time speech translation with large language models (LLMs) has become feasible in controlled settings such as mobile apps and web browsers, where developers assume wideband audio and client-side echo cancellation. Recent end-to-end full-duplex models further push latency below 200\,ms but remain confined to broadband environments. However, deploying such systems over the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) remains challenging due to narrowband G.711 audio, unpredictable round-trip delays, and absence of client-side signal processing. We present \textbf{WIGVO} (WIGTN Voice-Only), a server-side relay system that enables bidirectional LLM-based speech translation over ordinary telephone calls without requiring app installation or carrier integration. A central contribution is addressing what we term \emph{echo-induced self-reinforcing translation loops}: synthesized speech echoing back through the PSTN gets re-ingested and repeatedly translated. WIGVO solves this through a dual-session architecture with deterministic silence injection and energy-based voice activity detection (VAD) gating. We evaluate WIGVO on 155 PSTN calls (148 instrumented, 147 completed) across three communication modes---voice-to-voice (V2V), text-to-voice (T2V), and full-agent---observing 555\,ms median caller-to-callee latency and 2{,}684\,ms median callee-to-caller latency, zero echo-induced translation loops, and USD\,0.28 per minute cost. The system is deployed at \url{https://wigvo-web-gzjzn35jyq-du.a.run.app} with a live demo and video walkthrough. Evaluation scripts and anonymized call logs are available in the open-source repository.

G-D3 WIGVO: Real-Time Bidirectional Speech Translation over Legacy PSTN Calls via Dual-Session Echo Gating

The rapid adoption of LLM-based agentic systems has produced a rich ecosystem of frameworks (smolagents, LangGraph, AutoGen, CAMEL, LlamaIndex, i.a.). Yet existing benchmarks are model-centric: they fix the agentic setup and do not compare other system components. We argue that implementation decisions substantially impact performance, including choices such as topology, orchestration logic, and error handling. MASEval addresses this evaluation gap as a framework-agnostic library that treats the entire system as the unit of analysis. Through the first systematic system-level comparison across 3 benchmarks, 3 models, and 3 frameworks, we find that framework choice matters as much as model choice. MASEval allows researchers to explore all components of agentic systems, opening new avenues for principled system design, and practitioners to identify the best implementation for their use case. MASEval is available under the MIT licence at https://github.com/parameterlab/MASEval.

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