Morocco

Large language models (LLMs) often default to single-label classification in zero-shot multi-label tasks—a tendency we term &quot;conservative default&quot;. While few-shot prompting mitigates this, it introduces &quot;example bias&quot;. We evaluate zero-shot strategies to modulate this tendency using 1,441 healthcare feedback records and two LLMs. We compare instruction-based methods with structural constraints that modify the token generation sequence, specifically an Enum-First format requiring domain enumeration before selection. Results show that structural constraints substantially reduce single-label rates (Magistral: 96% → 19%; Qwen3: 54% → 0.0%), though the latter suggests potential over-correction compared to human baselines (16.7–41.3%). These findings indicate that while output structure is a potent modulator of classification behavior by shifting the decision point upstream, its effect magnitude is model-dependent, necessitating empirical calibration to prevent spurious associations.

EACL 2026

Modulating Multi-Label Tendency in Zero-Shot LLM Coding: The Effect of Output Structure on CDSS Feedback Analysis

structured decoding

llm zero-shot classification

qualitative coding

multi-label text classification

**Welcome to EMNLP 2023!**

On behalf of the EMNLP 2023 Organizing Committee, I extend a warm and heartfelt welcome to all of you to the 2023 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP). It is with immense pleasure and excitement that we gather here in Singapore, a vibrant hub of innovation and technological advancement.

The conference program is packed with insightful presentations, thought-provoking workshops, and engaging networking opportunities. In addition to the technical sessions, we have also planned several social events that will provide you with the opportunity to connect with your colleagues.

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For those in Singapore, I hope that you will find time to explore the exciting Sentosa Island, Gardens by the Bay, Singapore Botanic Gardens and the many other attractions unique to Singapore.

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Yuji Matsumoto (RIKEN AIP) 
EMNLP 2023 General Chair

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EMNLP 2023

EMNLP 2023 took place in Singapore from Dec 6th to Dec 10th, 2023.

Large language models (LLMs) often default to single-label classification in zero-shot multi-label tasks—a tendency we term "conservative default". While few-shot prompting mitigates this, it introduces "example bias". We evaluate zero-shot strategies to modulate this tendency using 1,441 healthcare feedback records and two LLMs. We compare instruction-based methods with structural constraints that modify the token generation sequence, specifically an Enum-First format requiring domain enumeration before selection. Results show that structural constraints substantially reduce single-label rates (Magistral: 96% → 19%; Qwen3: 54% → 0.0%), though the latter suggests potential over-correction compared to human baselines (16.7–41.3%). These findings indicate that while output structure is a potent modulator of classification behavior by shifting the decision point upstream, its effect magnitude is model-dependent, necessitating empirical calibration to prevent spurious associations.

workshop paper

#### *Message from the General Chair, Aline Villavicencio*
I’m delighted and honoured to welcome you to the 19th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (EACL 2026), taking place in the beautiful city of Rabat, in Morocco, in March 24-29, 2026. EACL is the flagship European conference of the Association and EACL 2026 proudly continues our field’s tradition of excellence in scholarship, innovation, and inclusivity. I am deeply grateful to the many volunteers whose dedication, generosity, and tireless efforts have made this conference possible.
For the first time EACL is being hosted in the African continent. This is an important milestone for our community, and we are grateful to our Moroccan hosts for enabling this historic moment by bringing this edition of EACL to Rabat. We are also delighted that the Second Arabic NLP School is co-located with EACL. We hope attendees enjoy this wonderful opportunity to strengthen ties with the Computational Linguistics communities across the African continent. *[Read full message](https://drive.google.com/file/d/14NlmHvwM6fPJuMmOvVh7K0vtQbEyv3SZ/view?usp=sharing)* 

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Welcome to the 19th Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics (EACL). EACL 2026 will be held in Rabat, Morocco, from March 24–29, 2026. 

Large Language Models (LLMs) demonstrate impressive performance across various multimodal tasks. However, their effectiveness in cross-cultural contexts remains limited due to the predominantly Western-centric nature of existing data and models. Meanwhile, multi-agent models have shown strong capabilities in solving complex tasks. In this paper, we evaluate the performance of LLMs in a multi-agent interaction setting for the novel task of multicultural image generation. Our key contributions are: (1) We introduce MosAIG, a Multi-Agent framework that enhances multicultural Image Generation by leveraging LLMs with distinct cultural personas; (2) We provide a dataset of 9,000 multicultural images spanning five countries, three age groups, two genders, 25 historical landmarks, and five languages; and (3) We demonstrate that multi-agent interactions outperform simple, no-agent models across multiple evaluation metrics, offering valuable insights for future research.Our dataset and models are available at https://anonymous.4open.science/r/MosAIG.

Multi-Agent Multimodal Models for Multicultural Text to Image Generation

Long-form educational videos contain valuable mentorship insights, but extracting structured knowledge from hours of unscripted content remains challenging. We introduce MentorQA, a publicly available dataset and framework for mentorship-focused question answering from multilingual long-form videos. The dataset includes nearly 9,000 question–answer pairs collected from 120 mentorship videos across four languages (English, Hindi, Chinese, and Romanian) and six topics. We compare four QA-generation models and introduce mentorship-oriented evaluation metrics that go beyond factual correctness to assess learning value. Through comprehensive evaluation with nine LLM judges and twelve human annotators, we find that Multi-Agent pipelines consistently produce higher-quality mentorship-focused QA, particularly for complex topics and low-resource languages. We release the dataset and evaluation framework to support future research in multilingual educational and mentorship-focused AI at https://anonymous.4open.science/r/MentorQA/.

MentorQA: Multi-Agent Multilingual Question Answering for Long-Form Mentorship Content

In this paper, we study the capabilities of large language models (LLMs) to adapt a concert moderation to diverse expertise levels of listeners. Our proof-of-concept concert moderator is based on retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) and uses few-shot audience modelling to infer listener's expertise. We study the capabilities of the system to adapt to three different listener's expertise levels. Two open domain LLMs are compared: gpt-oss:20b and llama3. The recognised differences among the models suggest that they vary in how directly they reproduce versus paraphrase retrieved information while maintaining semantic alignment.

From Novice to Expert: Generating Audience-Dependent Concert Moderations with RAG-LLMs

The advancement of Machine learning (ML), Large Audio Language Models (LALMs), and autonomous AI agents in Music Information Retrieval (MIR) necessitates a shift from static tagging to rich, human-aligned representation learning. However, the scarcity of open-source infrastructure capable of capturing the subjective nuances of audio annotation remains a critical bottleneck. This paper introduces LabelBuddy, an open-source collaborative auto-tagging audio annotation tool designed to bridge the gap between human intent and machine understanding. Unlike static tools, it decouples the interface from inference via containerized backends, allowing users to plug in custom models for AI-assisted pre-annotation. We describe the system architecture, which supports multi-user consensus, containerized model isolation, and a roadmap for extending agents and LALMs. Code available at https://github.com/GiannisProkopiou/gsoc2022-Label-buddy.

LabelBuddy: An Open Source Music and Audio Language Annotation Tagging Tool Using AI Assistance

Audio-video question answering (AVQA) systems for music show signs of multimodal "understanding", but it is unclear which inputs they rely on or whether their behavior reflects genuine audio-video reasoning. Existing evaluations focus on overall accuracy and rarely examine modality dependence. We address this gap by suggesting a method of using counterfactual evaluations to analyse the audio-video understanding of the models, illustrated with a case study on the audio-video spatial-temporal (AVST) architecture. This includes interventions that zero out or swap audio, video, or both, where results are benchmarked against a baseline based on linguistic patterns alone. Results show stronger reliance on audio than video, yet performance persists when either modality is removed, indicating learned cross-modal representations. The AVQA system studied thus exhibits non-trivial multimodal integration, though its "understanding" remains uneven.

Stochastic Parrots or True Virtuosos? Digging Deeper Into the Audio-Video Understanding of AVQA Models

Although annotated music descriptor datasets for user queries are increasingly common, few consider the user’s intent behind these descriptors, which is essential for effectively meeting their needs. We introduce MusicRecoIntent, a manually annotated corpus of 2,291 Reddit music requests, labeling musical descriptors across seven categories with positive, negative, or referential preference-bearing roles. We then investigate how reliably large language models (LLMs) can extract these music descriptors, finding that they do capture explicit descriptors but struggle with context-dependent ones. This work can further serve as a benchmark for fine-grained modeling of user intent and for gaining insights into improving LLM-based music understanding systems.

Beyond Musical Descriptors: Extracting Preference-Bearing Intent in Music Queries

Music often shares notable parallels with language, motivating the use of pretrained large language models (LLMs) for symbolic music understanding and generation. Despite growing interest, the practical effectiveness of adapting instruction-tuned LLMs to symbolic music remains insufficiently characterized. We present a controlled comparative study of finetuning strategies for ABC-based generation and understanding, comparing an off-the-shelf instruction-tuned backbone to domain-adapted variants and a music-specialized LLM baseline. Across multiple symbolic music corpora and evaluation signals, we provide some insights into adaptation choices for symbolic music applications. We highlight the domain adaptation vs.~preserving prior information tradeoff as well as the distinct behaviour of metrics used to measure the domain adaptation for symbolic music.

How Far Can Pretrained LLMs Go in Symbolic Music? Controlled Comparisons of Supervised and Preference-based Adaptation

Text-only training is a promising new method for training multimodal machine learning models without data from every modality. However, few studies have explored its use as an approximation of missing data for supervised learning in data-scarce environments. In this work, we examine techniques to acquire text-based training data, address the modality gap, and present a case study on classifying subjective audio timbre descriptions based on three kinds of text-only training data and six augmentation methods on eight audio-timbre datasets. We find text-only training successfully trains supervised audio classifiers without audio that are able to compete with a zero-shot baseline and training on real audio.

Audio Timbre Classification With Text-only Training

A central limitation of current music understanding frameworks is the reliance on audio embeddings, which frequently yields interpretations lacking traceable ties to explicit musical elements such as notes, dynamics, and instrumentation. In this work, we address this gap with MIDI-PHOR, a midi-first framework that converts symbolic data into structured, queryable representations for reasoning. MIDI-PHOR distills each piece into three complementary views: a symbolic view capturing pitch, meter, and key; a time-series view that tracks rhythmic salience, texture, and role activity via symbolic proxies rather than unstable audio rendering; and an instrument-role graph encoding ensemble interactions. We distill these views into evidence-linked captions and evaluate them using a novel claim-verification protocol. Experiments demonstrate that MIDI-PHOR significantly reduces hallucinations compared to raw-midi baselines and offers a robust, auditable bridge between symbolic data and semantic music understanding.

MIDI-PHOR: Multi-View Distillation for Music Understanding and Captioning

This paper evaluates the effectiveness of large language models (LLMs) on the task of context-aware music recommendation, specifically focusing on the alignment of music tracks with a listening intent, in addition to user preferences. We present a preliminary investigation in which five LLMs (variants of LLama, Qwen, and Mistral) are tasked with ranking a candidate set of tracks containing both ground-truth items (associated with specific user-intent pairs) and distractor items (containing user-relevant, intent-relevant, or non-user and non-intent relevant items). Our results show that LLMs rank intent-user-relevant items higher than the distract items, with "Llama-3.1-8B-Instruct" having the best performance (NDCG of 0.32 vs. 0.20). We further investigate whether performance differs when mentioning the listening intent explicitly in the prompt vs. implicitly given solely music preferences. Surprisingly, the LLMs achieved the best performance through an implicit indication of intent, versus explicitly adding it to the prompt, with "Mistral-7B-Instruct-v0.3" performing the best (NDCG of 0.37 vs. 0.29).

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Multi-Agent Multimodal Models for Multicultural Text to Image Generation

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