Singapore

Cross-lingual topic modeling seeks to uncover coherent and semantically aligned topics across languages—a task central to multilingual understanding. Yet most existing models learn topics in disjoint, language-specific spaces and rely on alignment mechanisms (e.g., bilingual dictionaries) that often fail to capture deep cross-lingual semantics, resulting in loosely connected topic spaces. Moreover, these approaches often overlook the rich semantic signals embedded in multilingual pretrained representations, further limiting their ability to capture fine-grained alignment. We introduce **GloCTM** (**Glo**bal Context Space for **C**ross-Lingual **T**opic **M**odel), a novel framework that enforces cross-lingual topic alignment through a unified semantic space spanning the entire model pipeline. GloCTM constructs enriched input representations by expanding bag-of-words with cross-lingual lexical neighborhoods, and infers topic proportions using both local and global encoders, with their latent representations aligned through internal regularization. At the output level, the global topic-word distribution, defined over the combined vocabulary, structurally synchronizes topic meanings across languages. To further ground topics in deep semantic space, GloCTM incorporates a Centered Kernel Alignment (CKA) loss that aligns the latent topic space with multilingual contextual embeddings. Experiments across multiple benchmarks demonstrate that GloCTM significantly improves topic coherence and cross-lingual alignment, outperforming strong baselines.

AAAI 2026

GloCTM: Cross-Lingual Topic Modeling via a Global Context Space

nlp: cross-lingual nlp

nlp: multilinguality

nlp: machine translation

ml: unsupervised & self-supervised learning

ml: deep generative models & autoencoders

ml: representation learning

## Welcome!
"I am excited to welcome you to this year’s edition of the Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing! Importantly, it marks the 30th edition of EMNLP. With over 8,000 submissions, more than 3,000 accepted papers, and thousands of attendees, we have come a long way from that first
workshop, which had 14 accepted papers. As the field looks ahead, Suzhou is the fitting location for celebrating this milestone: rooted in a long literary tradition, yet modern and forward-looking, and home to a large share of the NLP community." 

*Message from the General Chair, Dirk Hovy*

EMNLP 2025

Celebrate 30 Years of EMNLP! 
EMNLP 2025 will be held in Suzhou, China from November 5th to November 9th, 2025.

poster

We are pleased to announce the Fortieth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI-26), which will be held in Singapore EXPO from January 20 to January 27, 2026.

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We are pleased to announce the Fortieth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI-26), which will be held in Singapore EXPO from January 20 to January 27, 2026.

Recent advances have enabled Large Language Models (LLMs) to tackle reasoning tasks by generating chain-of-thought (CoT) rationales, yet these gains have largely applied to high-resource languages, leaving low-resource languages underperformed. In this work, we first investigate CoT techniques in extremely low-resource scenarios through previous prompting, model editing, and fine-tuning approaches. We introduce \emph{English-Pivoted CoT Training}, leveraging the insight that LLMs internally operate in a latent space aligned toward the dominant language. Given input in a low-resource language, we perform supervised fine-tuning to generate CoT in English and output the final response in the target language. Across mathematical reasoning benchmarks, our approach outperforms other baselines with up to 28.33% improvement in low-resource scenarios. Our analyses and additional experiments, including Mixed-Language CoT and Two-Stage Training, show that explicitly separating language understanding from reasoning enhances crosslingual reasoning abilities. To facilitate future work, we also release LC2024, the first benchmark for mathematical task in Irish, an extremely low-resource and endangered language. Our results and resources highlight a practical pathway to multilingual reasoning without extensive retraining in every extremely low-resource language, despite data scarcity.

Reasoning Transfer for an Extremely Low-Resource and Endangered Language: Bridging Languages Through Sample-Efficient Language Understanding

Pattern Database (PDB) heuristics are an established approach in optimal classical planning and are used in state-of-the-art planning systems. PDBs are based on projections, which induce an abstraction of the original problem. Computing all cheapest plans in the abstraction yields an admissible heuristic. Despite their success, PDBs have only recently been adapted to numeric planning, which extends classical planning with numeric state variables. The difficulty in supporting numeric variables is that the induced abstractions, in contrast to classical planning, are generally infinite. Thus, they cannot be explored exhaustively to compute a heuristic. The foundational work that introduced numeric PDBs employed a simple approach that computes only a finite part of the abstraction. We analyze this framework and identify cases where it necessarily results in an uninformed heuristic. We propose several improvements over the basic variant of numeric PDBs that lead to enhanced heuristic accuracy.

Managing Infinite Abstractions in Numeric Pattern Database Heuristics

We study the ordinal secretary problem, where a sequence of candidates arrives in uniformly random order, and the goal is to select the best candidate using only pairwise comparisons. We consider a learning-augmented setting that incorporates potentially erroneous predictions about the best candidate’s position. Our goal is to design online algorithms that balance robustness against poor predictions while having high performance when predictions are accurate. Using an optimization-based framework, we develop deterministic and randomized algorithms that extend classical strategies and explicitly model the trade-off between consistency and robustness. Also, we show the flexibility of our approach by applying it to multiple secretary problem variants, including multiple-choice and rehiring.

Ordinal Secretaries with Advice

Split Federated Learning is a system-efficient federated learning paradigm that leverages the rich computing resources at a central server to train model partitions. Data heterogeneity across silos, however, presents a major challenge undermining the convergence speed and accuracy of the global model. This paper introduces **Step-wise Momentum Fusion (SMoFi)**, an effective and lightweight framework that counteracts gradient divergence arising from data heterogeneity by synchronizing the momentum buffers across server-side optimizers. To control gradient divergence over the training process, we design a staleness-aware alignment mechanism that imposes constraints on gradient updates of the server-side submodel at each optimization step. Extensive validations on multiple real-world datasets show that SMoFi consistently improves global model accuracy (up to 7.1\%) and convergence speed (up to 10.25$\times$). Furthermore, SMoFi has a greater impact with more clients involved and deeper learning models, making it particularly suitable for model training in resource-constrained contexts.

SMoFi: Step-wise Momentum Fusion for Split Federated Learning on Heterogeneous Data

Medical Large Vision-Language Models (Med-LVLMs) have shown promising results in clinical applications, but often suffer from hallucinated outputs due to misaligned visual understanding. In this work, we identify two fundamental limitations contributing to this issue: insufficient visual representation learning and poor visual attention alignment. To address these problems, we propose MedAlign, a simple, lightweight alignment distillation framework that transfers visual alignment knowledge from a domain-specific Contrastive Language-Image Pre-training (CLIP) model to Med-LVLMs. MedAlign introduces two distillation losses: a spatial-aware visual alignment loss based on visual token-level similarity structures, and an attention-aware distillation loss that guides attention toward diagnostically relevant regions. Extensive experiments on medical report generation and medical visual question answering (VQA) benchmarks show that MedAlign consistently improves both performance and interpretability, yielding more visually grounded outputs.

Enhancing Medical Large Vision-Language Models via Alignment Distillation

Qualitative spatial representation approaches which rely on Goodman-style predicative mereological theories and on a pseudo-topology, often causes some problems either for their use as a meta-information for knowledge conceptualization in advanced geometric reasoning, since they lack Euclidean geometry and fully-fledged topological spaces in the classical sense. Therefore, this paper seeks to extend an existing formalization, grounded in an underlying type theory using the \textit{Coq} language, together with the Whitehead-like point-free Tarski's geometry. More precisely, we leverage an available library called $\lambda$-MM to formalize Tarski’s geometry of solids by investigating an algebraic formulation of topological relations on top of the library. Given that Tarski’s work is grounded in Le{\'s}niewski’s mereology, and despite the fact that $\lambda$-MM barely implements Tarski's geometry, the first part of the paper supplements their work by proving that mereological classes correspond to regular open sets. It forms a topology of individual names extensible with Tarski’s geometric primitives. Unlike classical approaches used in qualitative logical theories, we adopt a solution that enables the specification of a topological space from mereology and a geometric subspace, thereby enhancing the theory’s expressiveness. Then, in a second part, we prove that Tarski’s geometry forms a subspace of the previous topology in which regions are restricted classes. We prove three postulates of Tarski’s work reducing his axiomatic system and extend the theory with the T2 (Hausdorff) property and additional definitions.

A Topological Rewriting of Tarski’s Mereogeometry

Large language models (LLMs) have revolutionized AI applications, yet their high computational and memory demands hinder their widespread deployment. Existing compression techniques focus on intra-block optimizations (e.g., low-rank approximation or attention head pruning), while the repetitive layered structure of transformers implies significant inter-block redundancy—a dimension largely unexplored beyond key-value (KV) caching. Inspired by dictionary learning in convolutional networks, we propose a framework for structured weight sharing across transformer layers. Our approach decomposes attention projection matrices (Q, K, V, O) into shared dictionary atoms, reducing the attention module’s parameters by 66.7\% (e.g., 226.5M → 75M in a 700M-parameter model) while achieving on-par performance. Unlike complex methods requiring distillation or architectural changes, MASA (Matrix Atom Sharing in Attention) operates as a drop-in replacement—trained with standard optimizers—and represents each layer’s weights as linear combinations of shared matrix atoms. Experiments across scales (100M–700M parameters) show that MASA achieves better benchmark accuracy and perplexity than grouped-query attention (GQA), low-rank baselines and recently proposed Repeat-all-over/Sequential sharing at comparable parameter budgets. Ablation studies confirm robustness to the dictionary size and the efficacy of shared representations in capturing cross-layer statistical regularities. Extending to Vision Transformers (ViT), MASA matches performance metrics on image classification tasks with 66.7\% fewer attention parameters. By combining dictionary learning strategies with transformer efficiency, MASA offers a scalable blueprint for parameter-efficient models without sacrificing performance. Finally, we investigate the possibility of employing MASA on large pretrained models to reduce their number of parameters without experiencing any significant drop in their performance.

Share Your Attention: Transformer Weight Sharing via Matrix-based Dictionary Learning

Local search is a fundamental method in operations research and combinatorial optimisation. It has been widely applied to a variety of challenging problems, including multi-objective optimisation where multiple, often conflicting, objectives need to be simultaneously considered. In multi-objective local search algorithms, a common practice is to maintain an archive of all non-dominated solutions found so far, from which the algorithm iteratively samples a solution to explore its neighbourhood. A central issue in this process is how to explore the neighbourhood of a selected solution. In general, there are two main approaches: 1) systematic exploration and 2) random sampling. The former systematically explores the solution's neighbours until a stopping condition is met -- for example, when the neighbourhood is exhausted (i.e., the best improvement strategy) or once a better solution is found (i.e., first improvement). In contrast, the latter randomly selects and evaluates only one neighbour of the solution. One may think systematic exploration may be more efficient, as it prevents from revisiting the same neighbours multiple times. In this paper, however, we show that this may not be the case. We first empirically demonstrate that the random sampling method consistently outperforms the systematic exploration method across a range of multi-objective problems, including 0-1 Knapsack, NK-Landscape, TSP and QAP. We then give an intuitive explanation for this phenomenon using toy examples, showing that the superior performance of the random sampling method relies on the distribution of ``good neighbours''. Next, we show that the number of such neighbours follows a certain probability distribution during the search. Lastly, building on this distribution, we provide a theoretical insight for why random sampling outperforms systematic exploration, regardless of whether the best improvement or first improvement strategy is used.

Random is Faster than Systematic in Multi-Objective Local Search

Brain decoding currently faces significant challenges in individual differences, modality alignment, and high-dimensional embeddings. To address individual differences, researchers often use source subject data, which leads to issues such as privacy leakage and heavy data storage burdens. In modality alignment, current works focus on aligning the softmax probability distribution but neglect the alignment of marginal probability distributions, resulting in modality misalignment. Additionally, images and text are aligned separately with fMRI without considering the complex interplay between images and text, leading to poor image reconstruction. Finally, the enormous dimensionality of CLIP embeddings causes significant computational costs. Although the dimensionality of CLIP embeddings can be reduced by ignoring the number of patches obtained from images and the number of tokens acquired from text, this comes at the cost of a significant drop in model performance, creating a dilemma. To overcome these limitations, we propose a source-free domain adaptation-based brain decoding framework. Firstly, we apply source-free domain adaptation, which only acquires the source model without accessing source data during target model adaptation, to brain decoding to address cross-subject variations, privacy concerns, and the heavy burden of data storage. Secondly, we employ maximum mean discrepancy (MMD) to align the marginal probability distributions between embeddings of different modalities. Moreover, to accommodate the complex interplay between image and text, we concatenate the embeddings of image and text and then use singular value decomposition (SVD) to obtain a new embedding. What’s more, to achieve better image generation quality, we employ the Wasserstein distance (WD) to align the probability distributions of new embeddings. Finally, in the target model adaptation phase of source-free domain adaptation, we employ low-rank adaptation (LoRA) to reduce the high
expense of tuning the target model. Sufficient experiments demonstrate our work outperforms state-of-the-art methods for brain decoding tasks.

Probability Distribution Alignment and Low-Rank Weight Decomposition for Source-Free Domain Adaptive Brain Decoding

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved impressive performance across a wide range of natural language processing tasks, yet they often produce hallucinated content that undermines factual reliability. To address this challenge, we introduce \textbf{HalluClean}, a lightweight and task-agnostic framework for detecting and correcting hallucinations in LLM-generated text. HalluClean adopts a \textbf{reasoning-enhanced paradigm}, explicitly decomposing the process into planning, execution, and revision stages to identify and refine unsupported claims. It employs \textbf{minimal task-routing prompts} to enable \textbf{zero-shot generalization} across diverse domains, without relying on external knowledge sources or supervised detectors. We conduct extensive evaluations on five representative tasks—question answering, dialogue, summarization, math word problems, and contradiction detection. Experimental results show that HalluClean significantly improves factual consistency and outperforms competitive baselines, demonstrating its potential to enhance the trustworthiness of LLM outputs in real-world applications.

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