Singapore

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) largely lag human-level performance on abstract visual reasoning (AVR), which requires models to infer latent rules from visual question sets and generalize them to novel scenarios. Most AVR benchmarks are constrained to narrow and repetitive 2D patterns, involving relatively simple spatial relationships and assessing limited dimensions of reasoning ability. Drawing inspiration from real-world paper folding challenges, we propose Paper Folding Puzzles (PFP), a rigorously designed benchmark specifically developed to assess spatial reasoning capabilities. It comprises 150K visual question-answering samples across five diverse tasks, ranging from basic 2D geometric reasoning to 3D spatial understanding. The developed benchmark dataset can be employed to assess core spatial reasoning abilities essential to human cognition, encompassing fundamental symmetry reasoning and 3D spatial comprehension. Furthermore, we conduct a comprehensive evaluation of 18 leading MLLMs (both closed- and open-source variants) on the PFP benchmark to assess their spatial reasoning capabilities. Our findings show that most MLLMs achieve near-chance performance on FPF, exhibiting substantial performance gaps (&gt;30%) relative to human baselines across all tasks. This highlights a critical research gap in improving spatial reasoning capabilities of MLLMs. The dataset and code will be released upon paper acceptance.

AAAI 2026

Paper Folding Puzzles: Can Multimodal Large Language Models Perform Spatial Reasoning?

cv: large vision models

cv: visual reasoning & symbolic representations

and temporal reasoning

krr: geometric

spatial

### Welcome to 2025 Annual Conference of the Nations of the Americas Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics

Welcome to the 2025 meeting of the Nations of the Americas Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics! I am proud to help organize the first NAACL conference to carry the new name of our organization, one that emphasizes inclusion for all of the Americas. I am also pleased to welcome you to Albuquerque, New Mexico, a state whose unique blend of cultural influences will make for an excellent backdrop for NAACL 2025, especially with this year’s special theme on NLP in a Multicultural World. 
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*- Colin Cherry, Google, NAACL 2025 General Chair* 

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NAACL 2025

Welcome to 2025 Annual Conference of the Nations of the Americas Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) largely lag human-level performance on abstract visual reasoning (AVR), which requires models to infer latent rules from visual question sets and generalize them to novel scenarios. Most AVR benchmarks are constrained to narrow and repetitive 2D patterns, involving relatively simple spatial relationships and assessing limited dimensions of reasoning ability. Drawing inspiration from real-world paper folding challenges, we propose Paper Folding Puzzles (PFP), a rigorously designed benchmark specifically developed to assess spatial reasoning capabilities. It comprises 150K visual question-answering samples across five diverse tasks, ranging from basic 2D geometric reasoning to 3D spatial understanding. The developed benchmark dataset can be employed to assess core spatial reasoning abilities essential to human cognition, encompassing fundamental symmetry reasoning and 3D spatial comprehension. Furthermore, we conduct a comprehensive evaluation of 18 leading MLLMs (both closed- and open-source variants) on the PFP benchmark to assess their spatial reasoning capabilities. Our findings show that most MLLMs achieve near-chance performance on FPF, exhibiting substantial performance gaps (>30%) relative to human baselines across all tasks. This highlights a critical research gap in improving spatial reasoning capabilities of MLLMs. The dataset and code will be released upon paper acceptance.

poster

We are pleased to announce the Fortieth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI-26), which will be held in Singapore EXPO from January 20 to January 27, 2026.

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We are pleased to announce the Fortieth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI-26), which will be held in Singapore EXPO from January 20 to January 27, 2026.

Recent advances in Large Language Models (LLMs) have enhanced text-based recommendation by enriching traditional ID-based methods with semantic generalization capabilities. Text-based methods typically encode item textual information via prompt design and generate discrete semantic IDs through item tokenization. However, in domain-specific tasks such as local-life services, simply injecting location information into prompts fails to capture fine-grained spatial characteristics and real-world distance awareness among items. To address this, we propose LGSID, an LLM-Aligned Geographic Item Tokenization Framework for Local-life Recommendation. This framework consists of two key components: (1) RL-based Geographic LLM Alignment, and (2) Hierarchical Geographic Item Tokenization. In the RL-based alignment module, we initially train a list-wise reward model to capture real-world spatial relationships among items. We then introduce a novel G-DPO algorithm that uses pre-trained reward model to inject generalized spatial knowledge and collaborative signals into LLMs while preserving their semantic understanding. Furthermore, we propose a hierarchical geographic item tokenization strategy, where primary tokens are derived from discrete spatial and content attributes, and residual tokens are refined using the aligned LLM’s geographic representation vectors. Extensive experiments on real-world Kuaishou industry datasets show that LGSID consistently outperforms state-of-the-art discriminative and generative recommendation models. Ablation studies, visualizations, and case studies further validate its effectiveness.

LLM-Aligned Geographic Item Tokenization for Local-Life Recommendation

The rapid and reliable assembly of defect-free atom arrays is a fundamental challenge for scaling neutral atom quantum computing. While parallel rearrangement methods using spatial light modulators (SLMs) show promise, they suffer from significant computational overhead in two key sub-tasks: atom-site matching and hologram generation. In this paper, we propose a novel framework to address these bottlenecks and enhance the efficiency and fidelity of the assembly process. Our approach features a new optimization objective for atom-site matching that minimizes the longest movement path, and a Fourier U-Net model that integrates a Fourier Neural Operator (FNO) to enable real-time hologram generation. The model is trained in a fully unsupervised paradigm, leveraging the physical properties of holography to eliminate the need for costly ground-truth labels. Experimental results demonstrate our framework not only significantly outperforms state-of-the-art supervised CNNs but also achieves an inference speed orders of magnitude faster than traditional iterative algorithms, enabling real-time, dynamic atom rearrangement.

Towards Real-Time Neutral Atom Array Assembly via Unsupervised Hologram Generation and Path Optimization

In the agricultural domain, the deployment of large language models (LLMs) is hindered by the lack of training data and evaluation benchmarks. To mitigate this issue, we propose AgriEval, the first comprehensive Chinese agricultural benchmark with three main characteristics: (1) \textit{Comprehensive Capability Evaluation.} AgriEval covers six major agriculture categories and 29 subcategories within agriculture, addressing four core cognitive scenarios—memorization, understanding, inference, and generation. (2) \textit{High-Quality Data.} The dataset is curated from university-level examinations and assignments, providing a natural and robust benchmark for assessing the capacity of LLMs to apply knowledge and make expert-like decisions. (3) \textit{Diverse Formats and Extensive Scale.} AgriEval comprises 14,697 multiple-choice questions and 2,167 open-ended question-and-answer questions, establishing it as the most extensive agricultural benchmark available to date. We also present comprehensive experimental results over 51 open-source and commercial LLMs. The experimental results reveal that most existing LLMs struggle to achieve 60\% accuracy, underscoring the developmental potential in agricultural LLMs. Additionally, we conduct extensive experiments to investigate factors influencing model performance and propose strategies for enhancement.

AgriEval: A Comprehensive Chinese Agricultural Benchmark for Large Language Models

We revisit the problem of generating synthetic data under differential privacy.
To address the core limitations of marginal-based methods, we propose the Private Adaptive Generative Adversarial Network with Bayes Network Structure ($\texttt{PrAda-GAN}$), which integrates the strengths of both GAN-based and marginal-based approaches.
Our method adopts a sequential generator architecture to capture complex dependencies among variables, while adaptively regularizing the learned structure to promote sparsity in the underlying Bayes network.
Theoretically, we establish diminishing bounds on the parameter distance, variable selection error, and Wasserstein distance.
Our analysis shows that leveraging dependency sparsity leads to significant improvements in convergence rates.
Empirically, experiments on both synthetic and real-world datasets demonstrate that $\texttt{PrAda-GAN}$ outperforms existing tabular data synthesis methods in terms of the privacy–utility trade-off.

PrAda-GAN: A Private Adaptive Generative Adversarial Network with Bayes Network Structure

Deep learning models often achieve high accuracy but lack interpretability, making them unsuitable for critical applications such as medical diagnosis, biomolecule design, criminal justice, etc. The Sparse High-Order Interaction Model (SHIM) addresses this limitation by providing both transparency and predictive reliability. However, real-world data often contain outliers, which can distort model performance. To overcome this, we propose Huberized-SHIM, an extension of SHIM that integrates Huber loss-based robust regression to mitigate the impact of outliers. We introduce a homotopy-based exact regularization path algorithm and a novel tree-pruning criterion to efficiently manage interaction complexity. Additionally, we incorporate the conformal prediction framework to enhance statistical reliability. Empirical evaluations on synthetic and real-world datasets demonstrate the superior robustness and accuracy of Huberized-SHIM in high-stakes decision-making contexts.

Statistically Robust Sparse High-order Interaction Model

Drag-Based Image Editing (DBIE), which allows users to manipulate images by directly dragging objects within them, has recently attracted much attention from the community. However, it faces two key challenges: (\emph{i}) point-based drag is often highly ambiguous and difficult to align with user intentions; (\emph{ii}) current DBIE methods primarily rely on alternating between motion supervision and point tracking, which is not only cumbersome but also fails to produce high-quality results. These limitations motivate us to explore DBIE from a new perspective---unifying it as a Latent Region Optimization (LRO) problem that aims to use region-level geometric transformations to optimize latent code to realize drag manipulation. Thus, by specifying the areas and types of geometric transformations, we can effectively address the ambiguity issue. We also propose a simple yet effective editing framework, dubbed \textbf{DragNeXt}. It solves LRO through Progressive Backward Self-Intervention (PBSI), simplifying the overall procedure of the alternating workflow while further enhancing quality by fully leveraging region-level structure information and progressive guidance from intermediate drag states. We validate \textbf{DragNeXt} on our NextBench, and extensive experiments demonstrate that our proposed method can significantly outperform existing approaches. Code will be released on~github.

DragNeXt: Rethinking Drag-Based Image Editing

Operationalizing definitions of fairness is difficult in practice, as multiple definitions can be incompatible while each being arguably desirable. Instead, it may be easier to directly describe algorithmic bias through ad-hoc assumptions specific to a particular real-world task, e.g., based on background information on systemic biases in its context. Such assumptions can, in turn, be used to mitigate this bias during training. Yet, a framework for incorporating such assumptions that is simultaneously principled, flexible, and interpretable is currently lacking. Our approach is to formalize bias assumptions as programs in ProbLog, a probabilistic logic programming language that allows for the description of probabilistic causal relationships through logic. Neurosymbolic extensions of ProbLog then allow for easy integration of these assumptions in a neural network's training process. We propose a set of templates to express different types of bias and show the versatility of our approach on synthetic tabular datasets with known biases. Using estimates of the bias distortions present, we also succeed in mitigating algorithmic bias in real-world tabular and image data. We conclude that ProbLog4Fairness outperforms baselines due to its ability to flexibly model the relevant bias assumptions, where other methods typically uphold a fixed bias type or notion of fairness.

ProbLog4Fairness: A Neurosymbolic Approach to Modeling and Mitigating Bias

While fusing the capacities and advantages of various large language models offers a pathway to construct more powerful and versatile models, a fundamental challenge is to properly select advantageous model during training. 
Existing fusion methods primarily focus on the training mode that uses cross entropy on ground truth in a teacher-forcing setup to measure a model's advantage, which may provide limited insight towards model advantage. In this paper, we introduce a novel approach that enhances the fusion process by incorporating both the training and inference modes. Our method evaluates model advantage not only through cross entropy during training but also by considering inference outputs, providing a more comprehensive assessment. To combine the two modes effectively, we introduce ProFuser to progressively transition from inference mode to training mode. To validate ProFuser's effectiveness, we fused three models, including Vicuna-7B-v1.5, Llama-2-7B-Chat, and MPT-7B-8K-Chat, and demonstrated the improved performance in knowledge, reasoning, and safety compared to baseline methods.

ProFuser: Progressive Fusion of Large Language Models

Inspired by the dual-process theory of human cognition from Thinking, Fast and Slow, we introduce PRIME (Planning and Retrieval-Integrated Memory for Enhanced Reasoning), a multi-agent reasoning framework that dynamically integrates System 1 (fast, intuitive thinking) and System 2 (slow, deliberate thinking). PRIME first employs a Quick Thinking Agent to generate a rapid answer; if uncertainty is detected, it then triggers a structured System 2 reasoning pipeline composed of specialized agents for planning, hypothesis generation, retrieval, information integration, and decision-making. This multi-agent design mimics human cognitive processes faithfully and enhances both efficiency and accuracy. Experimental results with LLaMA 3 models demonstrate that PRIME enables open-source LLMs to perform competitively with state-of-the-art closed-source models like GPT-4 and GPT-4o on benchmarks requiring multi-hop and knowledge-grounded reasoning. This research establishes PRIME as a scalable solution for improving LLMs in domains requiring complex, knowledge-intensive reasoning.

PRIME: Planning and Retrieval-Integrated Memory for Enhanced Reasoning

Data selection for instruction tuning is crucial for improving the performance of large language models (LLMs) while reducing training costs. In this paper, we propose **R**efined **Co**ntribution Measurement with **I**n-**Co**ntext Learning (RICo), a novel gradient-free method that quantifies the fine-grained contribution of individual samples to both task-level and global-level model performance. RICo enables more accurate identification of high-contribution data, leading to better instruction tuning. We also introduce a lightweight selection paradigm trained on RICo scores, enabling scalable data selection with strictly linear inference complexity. Extensive experiments on 3 LLMs across 12 benchmarks and 5 pairwise evaluation sets demonstrate the effectiveness of RICo. Remarkably, on LLaMA3.1-8B, models trained on 15% of RICo-selected data outperform full datasets by 5.42 percentage points and exceed the best performance of widely used selection methods by 1.48 percentage points. We further analyze high-contribution samples selected by RICo, which show both diverse tasks and appropriate difficulty levels, rather than just the hardest ones.

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LLM-Aligned Geographic Item Tokenization for Local-Life Recommendation

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Neuro-symbolic Training for Reasoning over Spatial Language