Singapore

Label assignment is a critical component in object detectors, particularly within DETR-style frameworks where the one-to-one matching strategy, despite its end-to-end elegance, suffers from slow convergence due to sparse supervision. While recent works have explored one-to-many assignments to enrich supervisory signals, they often introduce complex, architecture-specific modifications and typically focus on a single auxiliary strategy, lacking a unified and scalable design. In this paper, we first systematically investigate the effects of \``one-to-many&#39;&#39; supervision and reveal a surprising insight that \textit{performance gains are driven not by the sheer quantity of supervision, but by the diversity of the assignment strategies employed.} This finding suggests that a more elegant, parameter-efficient approach is attainable. Building on this insight, we propose LoRA-DETR, a flexible and lightweight framework that seamlessly integrates diverse assignment strategies into any DETR-style detector. Our method augments the primary network with multiple Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA) branches during training, each instantiating a different one-to-many assignment rule. These branches act as auxiliary modules that inject rich, varied supervisory gradients into the main model and are discarded during inference, thus incurring no additional computational cost. This design promotes robust joint optimization while maintaining the architectural simplicity of the original detector. Extensive experiments on different baselines validate the effectiveness of our approach. Our work presents a new paradigm for enhancing detectors, demonstrating that diverse ``one-to-many&#39;&#39; supervision can be efficiently integrated to achieve state-of-the-art results without compromising model elegance. Code will be released.

AAAI 2026

Integrating Diverse Assignment Strategies into DETRs

detection transformer

object detection

computer vision

The purpose of the AAAI conference is to promote research in artificial intelligence (AI) and scientific exchange among AI researchers, practitioners, scientists, and engineers in affiliated disciplines. 

AAAI 2022

Label assignment is a critical component in object detectors, particularly within DETR-style frameworks where the one-to-one matching strategy, despite its end-to-end elegance, suffers from slow convergence due to sparse supervision. While recent works have explored one-to-many assignments to enrich supervisory signals, they often introduce complex, architecture-specific modifications and typically focus on a single auxiliary strategy, lacking a unified and scalable design. In this paper, we first systematically investigate the effects of \``one-to-many'' supervision and reveal a surprising insight that \textit{performance gains are driven not by the sheer quantity of supervision, but by the diversity of the assignment strategies employed.} This finding suggests that a more elegant, parameter-efficient approach is attainable. Building on this insight, we propose LoRA-DETR, a flexible and lightweight framework that seamlessly integrates diverse assignment strategies into any DETR-style detector. Our method augments the primary network with multiple Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA) branches during training, each instantiating a different one-to-many assignment rule. These branches act as auxiliary modules that inject rich, varied supervisory gradients into the main model and are discarded during inference, thus incurring no additional computational cost. This design promotes robust joint optimization while maintaining the architectural simplicity of the original detector. Extensive experiments on different baselines validate the effectiveness of our approach. Our work presents a new paradigm for enhancing detectors, demonstrating that diverse ``one-to-many'' supervision can be efficiently integrated to achieve state-of-the-art results without compromising model elegance. Code will be released.

poster

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We are pleased to announce the Fortieth AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence (AAAI-26), which will be held in Singapore EXPO from January 20 to January 27, 2026.

Multi-person global human mesh recovery (HMR) is crucial for understanding crowd dynamics and interactions. Traditional vision-based HMR methods sometimes face limitations in real-world scenarios due to mutual occlusions, insufficient lighting, and privacy concerns. Human-floor tactile interactions offer an occlusion-free and privacy-friendly alternative for capturing human motion.
Existing research indicates that pressure signals acquired from tactile mats can effectively estimate human pose in single-person scenarios. However, when multiple individuals walk randomly on the mat simultaneously, how to distinguish intermingled pressure signals generated by different persons and subsequently acquire individual temporal pressure data remains a pending challenge for extending pressure-based HMR to the multi-person situation. In this paper, we present \textbf{PressTrack-HMR}, a top-down pipeline that recovers multi-person global human meshes solely from pressure signals. This pipeline leverages a tracking-by-detection strategy to first identify and segment each individual's pressure signal from the raw pressure data, and subsequently performs HMR for each extracted individual signal. Furthermore, we build a multi-person interaction pressure dataset \textbf{MIP}, which facilitates further research into pressure-based human motion analysis in multi-person scenarios. Experimental results demonstrate that our method excels in multi-person HMR using pressure data, with 89.2 $mm$ MPJPE and 112.6 $mm$ WA-MPJPE$_{100}$, and these showcase the potential of tactile mats for ubiquitous, privacy-preserving multi-person action recognition.

PressTrack-HMR: Pressure-Based Top-Down Multi-Person Global Human Mesh Recovery

Generating code from a natural language programming task is one of the most successful applications of Large Language Models (LLMs). Yet, the generated program may be buggy. Without an oracle, such as an existing, correct implementation or a formal specification, can we somehow estimate how likely the generated program is correct?

In this paper, we propose a measure of incorrectness, called incoherence, that can be estimated efficiently in the absence of an oracle and provides a lower bound on the error, i.e., the probability that the LLM-generated program for that specification is incorrect.
In our experiments, our incoherence-based methodology can automatically identify about two-thirds of incorrect programs without reports of false positives for the average task.

In fact, an oracle-based evaluation of LLMs can be reliably replaced by an incoherence-based evaluation. In particular, we find a very strong agreement between the ranking of LLMs by the number of programs deemed correct via an oracle (pass@1) and the ranking of LLMs by the number of programs deemed correct via incoherence.

Incoherence as Oracle-less Measure of Error in LLM-Based Code Generation

Evolutionary algorithms (EAs) are optimization algorithms that simulate natural selection and genetic mechanisms. Despite advancements, existing EAs have two main issues: (1) they rarely update next-generation individuals based on global correlations, thus limiting comprehensive learning; (2) it is challenging to balance exploration and exploitation, excessive exploitation leads to premature convergence to local optima, while excessive exploration results in an excessively slow search. Existing EAs heavily rely on manual parameter settings, inappropriate parameters might disrupt the exploration-exploitation balance, further impairing model performance. To address these challenges, we propose a novel evolutionary algorithm framework called Graph Neural Evolution (GNE). Unlike traditional EAs, GNE represents the population as a graph, where nodes correspond to individuals, and edges capture their relationships, thus effectively leveraging global information. Meanwhile, GNE utilizes spectral graph neural networks (GNNs) to decompose evolutionary signals into their frequency components and designs a filtering function to fuse these components. High-frequency components capture diverse global information, while low-frequency components capture more consistent information. This explicit frequency filtering strategy directly controls global-scale features through frequency components, overcoming the limitations of manual parameter settings and making the exploration-exploitation control more interpretable and effective. Extensive evaluations on nine benchmark functions (e.g., Sphere, Rastrigin, and Rosenbrock) demonstrate that GNE consistently outperforms both classical algorithms (GA, DE, CMA-ES) and advanced algorithms (SDAES, RL-SHADE) under various conditions, including original, noise-corrupted, and optimal solution deviation scenarios. GNE achieves solution quality several orders of magnitude better than other algorithms (e.g., 3.07e-20 mean on Sphere vs. 1.51e-07).

Learn from Global Correlations: Enhancing Evolutionary Algorithm via Spectral GNN

Backdoor attacks pose a persistent security risk to deep neural networks (DNNs) due to their stealth and durability. While recent research has explored leveraging model unlearning mechanisms to enhance backdoor concealment, existing attack strategies still leave persistent traces that may be detected through static analysis. In this work, we introduce the first paradigm of revocable backdoor attacks, where the backdoor can be proactively and thoroughly removed after the attack objective is achieved. We formulate the trigger optimization in revocable backdoor attacks as a bilevel optimization problem: by simulating both backdoor injection and unlearning processes, the trigger generator is optimized to achieve a high attack success rate (ASR) while ensuring that the backdoor can be easily erased through unlearning. To mitigate the optimization conflict between injection and removal objectives, we employ a deterministic partition of poisoning and unlearning samples to reduce sampling-induced variance, and further apply the Projected Conflicting Gradient (PCGrad) technique to resolve the remaining gradient conflicts. Experiments on CIFAR-10 and ImageNet demonstrate that our method maintains ASR comparable to state-of-the-art backdoor attacks, while enabling effective removal of backdoor behavior after unlearning. This work opens a new direction for backdoor attack research and presents new challenges for the security of machine learning systems.

Injection, Attack and Erasure: Revocable Backdoor Attacks via Machine Unlearning

Written Multi-Party Conversations (WMPCs) are widely studied across disciplines, with social media as a primary data source due to their accessibility. However, these datasets raise privacy concerns and often reflect platform-specific properties.
For example, interactions between speakers may be limited due to rigid platform structures (e.g., threads, tree-like discussions), which yield overly simplistic interaction patterns (e.g., one-to-one ``reply-to'' links). This work explores the feasibility of generating synthetic WMPCs with instruction-tuned Large Language Models (LLMs) by providing deterministic constraints such as dialogue structure and participants’ stance. We investigate two complementary strategies of leveraging LLMs in this context: (i.) LLMs as WMPC generators, where we task the LLM to generate a whole WMPC at once and (ii.) LLMs as WMPC parties, where the LLM generates one turn of the conversation at a time (made of speaker, addressee and message), provided the conversation history. We next introduce an analytical framework to evaluate compliance with the constraints, content quality, and interaction complexity for both strategies. Finally, we assess the level of obtained WMPCs via human and LLM-as-a-judge evaluations. We find stark differences among LLMs, with only some being able to generate high-quality WMPCs. We also find that turn-by-turn generation yields better conformance to constraints and higher linguistic variability than generating WMPCs in one pass. Nonetheless, our structural and qualitative evaluation indicates that both generation strategies can yield high-quality WMPCs.

Don’t Stop the Multi-Party! On Generating Synthetic Written Multi-Party Conversations with Constraints

With the widespread adoption of multi-view data in numerous fields, multi-view unsupervised feature selection (MUFS) has made notable strides in both feature pruning and missing-view completion. Nonetheless, existing MUFS methods typically rely on centralized servers, which cannot meet real-world demands for privacy preservation and distributed learning, and they often suffer from suboptimal solution and weak convergence guarantees. To address these challenges, IMUFFS, an incomplete multi-view unsupervised federated feature selection via cooperative particle swarm optimization (CPSO) and tensor-aligned learning (TAL) is proposed. Specifically, each client executes CPSO-TAL at two stages: (i) an external optimization phase that involves a CPSO, inspired by the co-evolutionary mechanism of hybrid breeding optimization algorithm, performing a global search in the feature space, and (ii) an internal optimization phase that leverages TAL with imputation and CP decomposition, where CP decomposition reduces dimensionality by decomposing the original tensor into a sum of core components, to learn low-dimensional embeddings, while simultaneously updating anchor graphs and view preference weights, thereby harmonizing imputation and representation learning. On the server side, a federated aggregation strategy using adaptive normalized mutual information (NMI) weighting combines the locally optimized feature selection (FS) weights and NMI scores from clients, ensuring privacy while improving the quality of FS and convergence. Extensive experiments on multiple datasets demonstrate that IMUFFS consistently outperforms state-of-the-art methods, yielding more effective and robust FS and enhancing better missing-view completion.

Incomplete Multi-View Unsupervised Federated Feature Selection via Cooperative Particle Swarm Optimization and Tensor-Aligned Learning

Modern AI services must continually adapt to newly joined domains, yet delivering high-quality customized models is hampered by label sparsity, domain shifts, and tight budgets. We formulate this challenge as the learning system expansion problem and introduce HaT, an efficient heterogeneity-aware knowledge-transfer framework. HaT first selects a small set of high-quality source models with minimal overhead, and then fuses their imperfect predictions through a sample-wise attention mixer. Later, it adaptively distills the fused knowledge into target models via a knowledge dictionary. Extensive experiments on different tasks and modalities show that HaT outperforms state-of-the-art baselines by up to 16.5\% accuracy, and saves 31.1\% training time and up to 93.0\% traffic.

Learning Systems Expansion with Efficient Heterogeneity-aware Knowledge Transfer

Promptable segmentation models such as SAM have established a powerful paradigm, enabling strong generalization to unseen objects and domains with minimal user input, including points, bounding boxes, and text prompts. Among these, bounding boxes stand out as particularly effective, often outperforming points while significantly reducing annotation costs. However, current training and evaluation protocols typically rely on synthetic prompts generated through simple heuristics, offering limited insight into real-world robustness. In this paper, we investigate the robustness of promptable segmentation models to natural variations in bounding box prompts. First, we conduct a controlled user study and collect thousands of real bounding box annotations. Our analysis reveals substantial variability in segmentation quality across users for the same model and instance, indicating that SAM-like models are highly sensitive to natural prompt noise. Then, since exhaustive testing of all possible user inputs is computationally prohibitive, we reformulate robustness evaluation as a white-box optimization problem over the bounding box prompt space. We introduce BREPS, a method for generating adversarial bounding boxes that minimize or maximize segmentation error while adhering to naturalness constraints. Finally, we benchmark state-of-the-art models across 10 datasets, spanning everyday scenes to medical imaging. All code and data will be released upon publication.

BREPS: Bounding-Box Robustness Evaluation of Promptable Segmentation

Visual impairment is a common condition worldwide, and cortical electrical stimulation is one of the approaches to aid in visual restoration. However, existing methods suffer from limited precision, flexibility, and generalization in generating the desired visual perception. In this paper, we propose a novel deep learning-based algorithm for cortical electrical stimulation, named ``MindSight," aimed at enhancing the clarity and accuracy of induced visual perceptions. Our framework introduces three key innovations: (1) A differentiable biophysical model simulating cortical state transitions under electrical stimulation, enabling end-to-end training; (2) A dual-path training architecture combining neural decoding fidelity with phosphene simulation constraints; (3) An attention-guided background gated network for input filtration and, a multi-channel activation constraint to ensure the effectiveness of electrical stimulation. We validated our approach through novel experiments with macaque monkeys, demonstrating superior performance in visual perception tasks. These results highlight the potential of our approach in assisting individuals with visual impairments.

MindSight: A Bio-Inspired Neural Architecture for Visual Restoration via Cortical Electrical Stimulation

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has revolutionized Large Language Models' ability to access external knowledge, but current graph-based RAG approaches face critical limitations in managing hierarchical knowledge: they impose rigid compression quotas per layer that damage local graph structures, and they focus primarily on topological structure while neglecting semantic coherence. We introduce T-Retriever, a novel framework that reformulates attributed graph retrieval as tree-based retrieval using a semantic and structure guided encoding tree. Our approach integrates two key innovations: (1) Adaptive Compression Encoding, which eliminates artificial layer-specific compression quotas in favor of a global optimization strategy that preserves the graph's natural hierarchical organization, and (2) Semantic-Structural Entropy (S²-Entropy), which jointly optimizes for both topological cohesion and semantic consistency when creating hierarchical partitions. Extensive experiments across diverse graph reasoning benchmarks demonstrate that T-Retriever significantly outperforms state-of-the-art RAG methods.

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PressTrack-HMR: Pressure-Based Top-Down Multi-Person Global Human Mesh Recovery

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