Singapore

Emotion recognition from EEG signals is essential for affective computing and has been widely explored using deep learning. While recent deep learning approaches have achieved strong performance on single EEG emotion datasets, their generalization across datasets remains limited due to the heterogeneity in annotation schemes and data formats. Existing models typically require dataset-specific architectures tailored to input structure and lack semantic alignment across diverse emotion labels. To address these challenges, we propose EMOD: A Unified EEG Emotion Representation Framework Leveraging Valence–Arousal (V–A) Guided Contrastive Learning. EMOD learns transferable and emotion-aware representations from heterogeneous datasets by bridging both semantic and structural gaps. Specifically, we project discrete and continuous emotion labels into a unified V–A space and formulate a soft-weighted supervised contrastive loss that encourages emotionally similar samples to cluster in the latent space. To accommodate variable EEG formats, EMOD employs a flexible backbone comprising a Triple-Domain Encoder followed by a Spatial-Temporal Transformer, enabling robust extraction and integration of temporal, spectral, and spatial features. We pretrain EMOD on 8 public EEG datasets and evaluate its performance on three benchmark datasets. Experimental results show that EMOD achieves the state-of-the-art performance, demonstrating strong adaptability and generalization across diverse EEG-based emotion recognition scenarios.

AAAI 2026

EMOD: A Unified EEG Emotion Representation Framework Leveraging V-A Guided Contrastive Learning

hai: brain-sensing and analysis

ml: representation learning

cms: affective computing

### Welcome to CogSci Conference 2025!

The 47th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society was a hybrid meeting held in San Francisco. 

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The 47th Annual Meeting of the Cognitive Science Society presents the latest research across cognitive science and highlights the theme of Cognition in Context.

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Identifying suitable reaction conditions is critical for chemical synthesis, as they directly affect yield, selectivity, and transformation feasibility. While recent methods have shown promising results, most approaches rely on static molecular representations and fail to explicitly capture the structural transformations between reactants and products, which are essential for understanding reaction mechanisms and predicting conditions. In this work, we propose TRACE, a transformation-aware graph refinement framework for reaction condition prediction. TRACE constructs an atom-level graph that captures reaction-specific structural changes by integrating information from both reactants and products. A structure-aware encoder enriches atom features with chemical context, followed by a dynamic interaction refinement module that adaptively selects transformation-relevant edges. A mechanism-regularized graph encoder further incorporates reaction center information to guide learning toward condition-relevant interactions, enabling the model to better capture reaction patterns for accurate condition prediction. Experiments on benchmark datasets show that TRACE achieves state-of-the-art performance across multiple condition types. The incorporation of transformation-aware refinement improves predictive accuracy, enhances generalization, and supports robust performance in realistic synthesis planning scenarios.

TRACE: Transformation-Aware Graph Refinement for Reaction Condition Prediction

Evaluating reward models is a fundamental challenge in reinforcement learning, particularly in settings where the reward model is learned or manually designed. The standard paradigm for Reward Model Evaluation (RME) involves training an optimal policy via reinforcement learning (RL) on the given reward model and assessing model quality through the performance of the resulting policy. However, this approach conflates the quality of the reward model with the effectiveness of RL training, and is computationally expensive due to the need for policy optimization. Recent methods attempt to circumvent this issue by evaluating reward models directly, without RL, but often rely on impractical assumptions such as access to a ground-truth reward or fail to utilize available supervision in a fine-grained manner. To overcome these limitations, we propose the Policy Preference Alignment Coefficient (PPAC), a novel metric for RME that requires neither RL training nor ground-truth rewards. PPAC first generates a sequence of automatically ranked policy preferences that guarantee monotonic improvement in the policy value, and then quantifies the alignment between these generated preferences and those implied by the candidate reward model. Experimental results across gridworld and continuous control task demonstrate that PPAC yields preference sequences with consistently increasing policy values and outperforms existing metrics in evaluating reward model quality.

Reward Model Evaluation via Automatically-Ranked Policy Alignment

Recent studies have revealed Neural Collapse (NC) in deep classifiers, where last-layer weights and features align into an equiangular tight frame (ETF), concentrating class information along specific embedding directions. However, conventional fine-tuning typically disregards this structure, initializing task-specific classifier heads randomly. To explicitly leverage this phenomenon, we propose a simple yet effective method for metric learning: (1) initializing the classifier head along each class’s NC direction from a pretrained model to preserve the emergent structure, and (2) injecting small isotropic Gaussian noise during finetuning to boost generalization. In addition, we provide a theoretical bound proving that our method explicitly reduces cumulative weight drift from the NC-initialization, compared to standard finetuning. This suggests that our method better preserves the pretrained model’s class-specific structure. Empirically, this structural preservation yields Recall@K gains: reduced weight drift correlates with better performance. Concurrent decreases in the Neural Collapse 1 (NC1) measure confirm that stronger intra‐class cohesion underlies these improvements. Furthermore, we validate the effectiveness of our method on class‐imbalanced benchmarks.

Neural Collapse-Informed Initialization with Perturbation Injection in Classification-based Metric Learning

Link prediction is a fundamental task in network analysis with widespread applications, from social recommendation to knowledge graph completion. Fairness in this setting is critical, as biased predictions can propagate or exacerbate societal inequalities. Prior work adopts a dyadic perspective, enforcing fairness through demographic parity between intra-group and inter-group link predictions. However, this dyadic framing can obscure underlying disparities across subgroups, allowing systemic biases to go undetected. Moreover, we argue that demographic parity does not meet desired properties for fairness assessment in ranking-based tasks such as link prediction. We formalize the limitations of existing fairness evaluations and borrow a framework inspired by information retrieval that enables a more expressive assessment, addressing these limitations. Additionally, we propose a lightweight post-processing method combined with decoupled link predictors that effectively mitigates bias and achieves state-of-the-art fairness–utility trade-offs.

Breaking the Dyadic Barrier: Rethinking Fairness in Link Prediction Beyond Demographic Parity

Vision-Language Retrieval (VLR) aims to retrieve relevant visual or textual information from multimodal data using language or image queries. However, traditional VLR methods often rely on data-driven shallow semantic alignment and fail to understand the deeper structural and fine-grained entity features of queries, resulting in poor performance on multi-entity layouts and challenging entities. In this paper, we propose the Layout-Aware and Sketch-Enhanced (LASE) VLR framework, which refines query representations by incorporating multimodal layout and sketch knowledge. Specifically, layout knowledge encodes the spatial arrangement of entities, while sketch knowledge refines entity perception by capturing essential structural details. To extract these knowledge representations, we leverage Large Language Models' (LLMs) powerful semantic understanding for layout generation, and Diffusion Models' (DMs) fine-grained cross-modal generative capabilities for sketch generation. However, integrating knowledge into queries may introduce biases and query-specific preferences due to varying visual content and knowledge demands. To address this, we propose the Gated Dual-Stream Knowledge Module (GDKM), which consists of a multi-instance fusion network with a sample-aware gating network. The fusion network aggregates diverse knowledge using multi-head attention to reduce bias, while the gating network adjusts knowledge weights based on query characteristics. Extensive experiments demonstrate that the LASE significantly enhances VLR performance across multiple benchmarks, with superior generalization and transferability.

Imagine with Layout and Sketch: Enhancing Vision-Language Retrieval with Dual-Stream Multi-Modal Query Refinement

Leveraging vast amounts of unlabeled internet video data for embodied AI is currently bottlenecked by the lack of action labels and the presence of action-correlated visual distractors. Although recent latent action policy optimization (LAPO) has shown promise in inferring proxy action labels from visual observations, its performance degrades significantly when distractors are present. To address this limitation, we propose a novel object-centric latent action learning framework that centers on objects rather than pixels. We leverage self-supervised object-centric pretraining to disentangle the movement of the agent and distracting background dynamics. This allows LAPO to focus on task-relevant interactions, resulting in more robust proxy-action labels, enabling better imitation learning and efficient adaptation of the agent with just a few action-labeled trajectories. We evaluated our method in eight visually complex tasks across the Distracting Control Suite (DCS) and Distracting MetaWorld (DMW). Our results show that object-centric pretraining mitigates the negative effects of distractors by 50%, as measured by downstream task performance: average return (DCS) and success rate (DMW).

Object-Centric Latent Action Learning

Large language models (LLMs) are widely adopted across diverse AI applications.
To align LLM behavior with human values, Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF) employs a reward model (RM) as a proxy for human preferences to guide policy optimization.
Consequently, the accuracy, reliability, and interpretability of the RM critically influence downstream alignment outcomes.
However, conventional scalar RMs are both opaque and rigid, offering little insight into reward reasoning and lacking adaptability to evolving preferences.
While recent work on multidimensional RMs has sought to improve interpretability, these methods often fall short in feature-level attribution and incur substantial annotation costs.
To address these challenges, we propose the Sparse Autoencoder-enhanced Reward Model (\textbf{SARM}), a novel architecture that integrates a pretrained Sparse Autoencoder (SAE) into the reward modeling pipeline.
Specifically, SARM projects LLM hidden activations into a sparse monosemantic feature space, with a scalar head aggregating these features to produce reward scores attributable to interpretable concepts.
Experiments demonstrate that SARM enables direct attribution of reward scores to interpretable feature activations, supports dynamic preference adjustment, and outperforms standard scalar RMs in alignment tasks.

Interpretable Reward Model via Sparse Autoencoder

With the widespread deployment of large language models (LLMs) in human-computer interaction, dark patterns have extended from traditional visual interfaces to conversational AI systems. While existing research has confirmed the prevalence of dark patterns in LLMs, current evaluation benchmarks face critical challenges including limited classification coverage, overlooked risks specific to reasoning models, and inadequate consideration of cross-linguistic differences. To address these limitations, we propose DarkBench+, an extended benchmark for evaluating dark patterns in LLMs. We construct an expanded taxonomy containing 10 major categories and 24 subcategories, introduce an annotation workflow combining manual and automated methods, and design 2,088 bilingual test samples in Chinese and English. This benchmark is the first to develop specialized evaluation dimensions for reasoning models and systematically evaluates dark pattern behaviors across nearly 40 mainstream LLMs. Experimental results demonstrate significant manipulation risks in reasoning models' transparency displays, while cross-linguistic evaluation analyzes AI manipulation behavior differences across different linguistic environments, promoting more ethical and responsible LLM development.

DarkBench+: An Extended Benchmark for Evaluating Dark Patterns in Large Language Models

This paper presents the first AI/ML system for automating building damage assessment in uncrewed aerial systems (sUAS) imagery to be deployed operationally during federally declared disasters (Hurricanes Debby and Helene). In response to major disasters, sUAS teams are dispatched to collect imagery of the affected areas to assess damage; however, at recent disasters, teams collectively delivered between
47GB and 369GB of imagery per day, representing more imagery than can reasonably be transmitted or interpreted by subject matter experts in the disaster scene, thus delaying response efforts. To alleviate this data avalanche encountered in practice, computer vision and machine learning techniques are necessary. While prior work has been deployed to automatically assess damage in satellite imagery, there is no current state of practice for sUAS-based damage assessment systems for operational use, as all known work has been confined 
to academic settings. This work establishes the state of practice via the development and deployment of models for building damage assessment with sUAS imagery. The development of the models consisted of training on the largest known dataset of post-disaster sUAS aerial imagery, which consists of 21,716 building damage labels, and the operational training of 91 disaster practitioners. The deployment of the system was during the responses to Hurricanes Debby and Helene, where it assessed a combined 415 buildings in approximately 18 minutes. This work contributes detailed documentation of the actual use of AI/ML for damage assessment during a disaster and lessons learned to the benefit of the AI/ML research and user communities.

Deploying Rapid Damage Assessments from sUAS Imagery for Disaster Response

Deep learning models are designed based on the i.i.d.
assumption; consequently, they experience a significant
performance drop due to the distribution shifts when
deployed in real environments. Domain Generalisation (DG)
aims to bridge the distribution shift between the source
and target domains by improving the generalisability of the
model to Out-Of-Distribution (OOD) data. This challenge is
prominent in satellite imagery classification due to the
scarcity of data from underrepresented regions such as
Africa and Oceania. In this paper, we address the
limitations of existing datasets in capturing distribution
shifts caused by geospatial differences between geographic
regions by constructing a new, large-scale dataset called
Domain Shift across Geographic Regions (DSGR). This dataset
aims to help researchers better understand the impact of
distribution shifts on satellite imagery classification.
Furthermore, we perform rigorous experiments on DSGR to
investigate and benchmark the robustness of existing DG
techniques under single- and multi-source domain settings
and the role of foundation models in enhancing the DG
techniques. Our evaluations reveal that recent DG
techniques have a comparable, yet weak, performance on
DSGR. However, when combined with a foundation model like
CLIP, ERM (introduced in 1999) achieves highly competitive
results, surpassing even recent state-of-the-art DG
solutions in enhancing the generalisability of deep
learning models across different geographic regions. Our
dataset and code are available at
https://github.com/RWGAI/DSGR.



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