China

The rapid advancement of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) has led to an exponential growth in research publications, creating an urgent need for efficient knowledge management and reasoning systems in this domain. We present a comprehensive knowledge-enhanced system for PSCs that integrates three key components. First, we develop Perovskite-KG, a domain-specific knowledge graph constructed from 1,517 research papers, containing 23,789 entities and 22,272 relationships. Second, we create two complementary datasets: Perovskite-Chat, comprising 55,101 high-quality question-answer pairs generated through a novel multi-agent framework, and Perovskite-Reasoning, containing 2,217 carefully curated materials science problems. Third, we introduce two specialized large language models: Perovskite-Chat-LLM for domain-specific knowledge assistance and Perovskite-Reasoning-LLM for scientific reasoning tasks. Experimental results demonstrate that our system significantly outperforms existing models in both domain-specific knowledge retrieval and scientific reasoning tasks, providing researchers with effective tools for literature review, experimental design, and complex problem-solving in PSC research.

EMNLP 2025

Perovskite-LLM: Knowledge-Enhanced Large Language Models for Perovskite Solar Cell Research

perovskite solar cells

large language model

knowledge graph

reasoning

**Please view our Welcome to MH21 video.**

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MATERIALS FOR HUMANITY (MH 21)

MH 21 is arranged around 6 themes that focus attention on pressing needs that should be addressed to enhance the well-being of communities and provide a forum for presenting breakthrough discoveries.

poster

## Welcome!
"I am excited to welcome you to this year’s edition of the Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing! Importantly, it marks the 30th edition of EMNLP. With over 8,000 submissions, more than 3,000 accepted papers, and thousands of attendees, we have come a long way from that first
workshop, which had 14 accepted papers. As the field looks ahead, Suzhou is the fitting location for celebrating this milestone: rooted in a long literary tradition, yet modern and forward-looking, and home to a large share of the NLP community." 

*Message from the General Chair, Dirk Hovy*

Celebrate 30 Years of EMNLP! 
EMNLP 2025 will be held in Suzhou, China from November 5th to November 9th, 2025.

Question answering on the hybrid context of tables and text (TATQA) is a critical task, with broad applications in data-intensive domains. However, existing TATQA datasets are limited to English, leading to several drawbacks: (i) They overlook the challenges of multilingual TAT-QA and cannot assess model performance in the multilingual setting. (ii) They do not reflect real-world multilingual scenarios where tables and texts frequently appear in non-English languages. To address the limitations, we propose the first multilingual TATQA dataset (MULTITAT). Specifically, we sample data from 3 mainstream TATQA datasets and translate it into 10 diverse languages. To align the model TATQA capabilities in English with other languages, we develop a baseline, Ours. Experimental results reveal that the performance on non-English data in MULTITAT drops by an average of 19.4% compared to English, proving the necessity of MULTITAT. We further analyze the reasons for this performance gap. Furthermore, Ours outperforms other baselines by an average of 3.3, demonstrating its effectiveness.

MULTITAT: Benchmarking Multilingual Table-and-Text Question Answering

Text-guided image editing has seen rapid progress in natural image domains, but its adaptation to medical imaging remains limited and lacks standardized evaluation. Clinically, such editing holds promise for simulating surgical outcomes, creating personalized teaching materials, and enhancing patient communication. To bridge this gap, we introduce MedEBench, a comprehensive benchmark for evaluating text-guided medical image editing. It consists of 1,182 clinically sourced image-prompt triplets spanning 70 tasks across 13 anatomical regions. MedEBench offers three key contributions: (1) a clinically relevant evaluation framework covering Editing Accuracy, Contextual Preservation, and Visual Quality, supported by detailed descriptions of expected change and ROI (Region of Interest) masks; (2) a systematic comparison of seven state-of-the-art models, revealing common failure patterns; and (3) a failure analysis protocol based on attention grounding, using IoU (Intersection over Union Ratio) between attention maps and ROIs to identify mislocalization. MedEBench provides a solid foundation for developing and evaluating reliable, clinically meaningful medical image editing systems.

MedEBench: Diagnosing Reliability in Text-Guided Medical Image Editing

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) has emerged as a promising approach for scaling large language models efficiently. However, how to design a desired MoE architecture given performance, efficiency, or safety goals remains absent. Existing benchmarks often focus on isolated aspects (e.g., reasoning, efficiency, safety), and there is a lack of consensus on optimal design choices, such as the number and size of experts, the type of routers, and the regularization during pre-training, or strategies like freezing, learning rate adjustments, and limiting expert collaboration during fine-tuning, with prior works often yielding conflicting conclusions. Motivated by this research gap, we introduce MoEBench, the first comprehensive assessment of MoE designs across the three dimensions of reasoning ability, efficiency, and safety. Our benchmark systematically evaluates optimal architectural choices during both pre-training and fine-tuning phases. We evaluate two popular MoE backbones across four dimensions of design choices on over eight metrics. Our empirical findings uncover hidden underlying correlations among MoE design choices. Specifically, we observe that (1) token-level routing and z-loss regularization improve reasoning performance; (2) shared experts enhance training stability but reduce specialization; and (3) collaboration-constrained routing and freezing strategies significantly influence load balance, specialization, and safety alignment. Furthermore, we propose three "sweet point" combinations of optimal strategies tailored to different scenarios. We hope this study provides actionable insights for building more robust, efficient, and secure MoE models. Code, checkpoints, and raw data will be released upon acceptance of the paper.

Bag of Tricks for Sparse Mixture-of-Experts: A Benchmark Across Reasoning, Efficiency, and Safety

Large language models (LLMs) have witnessed rapid advancements, demonstrating remarkable capabilities. However, a notable vulnerability persists: LLMs often uncritically accept flawed or contradictory premises, leading to inefficient reasoning and unreliable outputs. This emphasizes the significance of possessing the **Premise Critique Ability** for LLMs, defined as the capacity to proactively identify and articulate errors in input premises. Most existing studies assess LLMs' reasoning ability in ideal settings, largely ignoring their vulnerabilities when faced with flawed premises. Thus, we introduce the **Premise Critique Bench (PCBench)**, designed by incorporating four error types across three difficulty levels, paired with multi-faceted evaluation metrics. We conducted systematic evaluations of 15 representative LLMs, Our findings reveal: (1) Most models rely heavily on explicit prompts to detect errors, with limited autonomous critique; (2) Premise critique ability depends on question difficulty and error type, with direct contradictions being easier to be detected than complex or procedural errors; (3) Reasoning ability does not consistently correlate with the premise critique ability; (4) Flawed premises trigger overthinking in reasoning models, markedly lengthening responses due to repeated attempts at resolving conflicts. These insights underscore the urgent need to enhance LLMs’ proactive evaluation of input validity, positioning premise critique as a foundational capability for developing reliable, human-centric systems.

Don’t Take the Premise for Granted: Evaluating the Premise Critique Ability of Large Language Models

Logic reasoning in natural language has been recognized as an important measure of human intelligence for Large Language Models (LLMs). Popular benchmarks may entangle multiple reasoning skills and thus provide unfaithful evaluations on the logic reasoning skill. Meanwhile, existing logic reasoning benchmarks are limited in language diversity and their distributions are deviated from the distribution of an ideal logic reasoning benchmark, which may lead to biased evaluation results. This paper thereby proposes a new classical logic benchmark DivLogicEval, consisting of natural sentences composed of diverse statements in a counterintuitive way. To ensure a more reliable evaluation, we also introduce a new evaluation metric that mitigates the influence of bias and randomness inherent in LLMs. Through experiments, we demonstrate the extent to which logical reasoning is required to answer the questions in DivLogicEval and compare the performance of different popular LLMs in conducting logical reasoning.

DivLogicEval: A Framework for Benchmarking Logical Reasoning Evaluation in Large Language Models

Text-to-image synthesis has made remarkable progress, yet accurately interpreting complex and lengthy prompts remains challenging, often resulting in semantic inconsistencies and missing details. Existing solutions, such as fine-tuning, are model-specific and require training, while prior automatic prompt optimization (APO) approaches typically lack systematic error analysis and refinement strategies, resulting in limited reliability and effectiveness. Meanwhile, test-time scaling methods operate on fixed prompts and on noise or sample numbers, limiting their interpretability and adaptability. To solve these, we introduce a flexible and efficient test-time prompt optimization strategy that operates directly on the input text. We propose a plug-and-play multi-agent system called GenPilot, integrating error analysis, clustering-based adaptive exploration, fine-grained verification, and a memory module for iterative optimization. Our approach is model-agnostic, interpretable, and well-suited for handling long and complex prompts. Simultaneously, we summarize the common patterns of errors and the refinement strategy, offering more experience and encouraging further exploration. Experiments on DPG-bench and Geneval with improvements of up to 16.9% and 5.7% demonstrate the strong capability of our methods in enhancing the text and image consistency and structural coherence of generated images, revealing the effectiveness of our test-time prompt optimization strategy. The code is available at https://github.com/GenPilot-Any/GenPilot.

GenPilot: A Multi-Agent System for Test-Time Prompt Optimization in Image Generation

Despite their impressive performance in coarse-grained video understanding, Video Large Language Models (Video-LLMs) still face challenges in fine-grained temporal grounding, including ineffective temporal modeling and inadequate timestamp representations. In this work, we introduce Grounded-VideoLLM, a novel Video-LLM designed to perceive and reason over specific video moments with fine-grained temporal precision. Our model features (1) a two-stream encoder that explicitly captures inter-frame relationships while preserving intra-frame visual details and (2) discrete temporal tokens enriched with structured time knowledge for timestamp representation. Besides, we propose a multi-stage training strategy tailored to such grounding-specific architecture. The model is initially trained on simple video-caption tasks and progressively introduced to complex video temporal grounding tasks, ensuring a smooth learning curve and temporal alignment. We further strengthen Grounded-VideoLLM’s temporal reasoning by constructing a VideoQA dataset with grounded information using an automated annotation pipeline. Extensive experiments demonstrate that Grounded-VideoLLM not only surpasses existing models in fine-grained grounding tasks but also exhibits strong potential as a general video understanding assistant.

Grounded-VideoLLM: Sharpening Fine-grained Temporal Grounding in Video Large Language Models

Dongba pictographic is the only pictographic script still in use in the world. Its pictorial ideographic features carry rich cultural and contextual information. However, due to the lack of relevant datasets, research on semantic understanding of Dongba hieroglyphs has progressed slowly. To this end, we constructed DongbaMIE - the first dataset focusing on multimodal information extraction of Dongba pictographs. The dataset consists of images of Dongba hieroglyphic characters and their corresponding semantic annotations in Chinese. It contains 23,530 sentence-level and 2,539 paragraph-level high-quality text-image pairs. The annotations cover four semantic dimensions: object, action, relation and attribute. Systematic evaluation of mainstream multimodal large language models shows that the models are difficult to perform information extraction of Dongba hieroglyphs efficiently under zero-shot and few-shot learning. Although supervised fine-tuning can improve the performance, accurate extraction of complex semantics is still a great challenge at present.

DongbaMIE: A Multimodal Information Extraction Dataset for Evaluating Semantic Understanding of Dongba Pictograms

Large Language Models (LLMs) often exhibit hallucinations, generating factually incorrect or semantically irrelevant content in response to prompts. Chain-of-Thought (CoT) prompting can mitigate hallucinations by encouraging step-by-step reasoning, but its impact on hallucination detection remains underexplored. To bridge this gap, we conduct a systematic empirical evaluation. We begin with a pilot experiment, revealing that CoT reasoning significantly affects the LLM's internal states and token probability distributions. Building on this, we evaluate the impact of various CoT prompting methods on mainstream hallucination detection methods across both instruction-tuned and reasoning-oriented LLMs. Specifically, we examine three key dimensions: changes in hallucination score distributions, variations in detection accuracy, and shifts in detection confidence. Our findings show that while CoT prompting helps reduce hallucination frequency, it also tends to obscure critical signals used for detection, impairing the effectiveness of various detection methods. Our study highlights an overlooked trade-off in the use of reasoning. Code is publicly available at: https://anonymous.4open.science/r/cot-hallu-detect .

Chain-of-Thought Prompting Obscures Hallucination Cues in Large Language Models: An Empirical Evaluation

Parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) is essential for adapting large language models (LLMs), with low rank adaptation (LoRA) being the most popular approach. However, LoRA suffers from slow convergence, and some recent LoRA variants, such as PiSSA, primarily rely on Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) for initialization, leading to expensive computation. To mitigate these problems, we resort to Nyström method, which follows a three-matrix manipulation. Therefore, we first introduce StructuredLoRA (SLoRA), investigating to introduce a small intermediate matrix between the low-rank matrices (A) and (B). Secondly, we propose NyströmLoRA (NLoRA), which leverages Nyström-based initialization for SLoRA to improve its effectiveness and efficiency. Finally, we propose IntermediateTune (IntTune) to explore fine-tuning exclusively the intermediate matrix of NLoRA to furthermore boost LLMs' efficiency. We evaluate our methods on 5 natural language generation (NLG) tasks and 8 natural language understanding (NLU) tasks. On GSM8K, SLoRA and NLoRA achieve accuracies of 56.48% and 57.70%, surpassing LoRA by 33.52% and 36.41% with only 3.67M additional trainable parameters. IntTune boosts average NLG performance over LoRA by 7.45% while using only 1.25% of its parameters. These results demonstrate the efficiency and effectiveness of our approach in enhancing model performance with minimal parameter overhead.

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MULTITAT: Benchmarking Multilingual Table-and-Text Question Answering

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