United States

The application of text mining methods is becoming increasingly prevalent, particularly within Humanities and Computational Social Sciences, as well as in a broader range of disciplines. This paper presents an analysis of gender bias in English song lyrics using topic modeling and bias measurement techniques. Leveraging BERTopic, we cluster a dataset of 537,553 English songs into distinct topics and analyze their temporal evolution. Our results reveal a significant thematic shift in song lyrics over time, transitioning from romantic themes to a heightened focus on the sexualization of women. Additionally, we observe a substantial prevalence of profanity and misogynistic content across various topics, with a particularly high concentration in the largest thematic cluster. To further analyse gender bias across topics and genres in a quantitative way, we employ the Single Category Word Embedding Association Test (SC-WEAT) to calculate bias scores for word embeddings trained on the most prominent topics as well as individual genres. The results indicate a consistent male bias in words associated with intelligence and strength, while appearance and weakness words show a female bias. Further analysis highlights variations in these biases across topics, illustrating the interplay between thematic content and gender stereotypes in song lyrics.

NAACL 2025

Tuning Into Bias: A Computational Study of Gender Bias in Song Lyrics

lyrics

gender bias

word embeddings

topic modeling

The 9th Brazilian Conference on Intelligent Systems (BRACIS), the 16h Encontro Nacional de Inteligência Artificial e Computacional (ENIAC), and the 12th Concurso de Teses e Dissertações em Inteligência Artificial e Computacional (CTDIAC) was held from 20 to 23 October, 2020.

BRACIS originated from the combination of the two most important scientific events in Brazil in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Computational Intelligence (CI): the Brazilian Symposium on Artificial Intelligence - SBIA (22 editions), and the Brazilian Symposium on Neural Networks - SBRN (13 editions). ENIAC is a national forum for researchers, practitioners, educators and students to present and discuss innovations, trends, experiences, developments and work in progress in the fields of Artificial and Computational Intelligence. CTDIAC is a satellite event whose goals are to disseminate and award the best dissertations and theses (MSc and PhDs concluded in Brazilian universities from June 2018 to May 2020) in Artificial and Computational Intelligence areas.

In this year, the Symposium on Knowledge Discovery, Mining and Learning (KDMiLe) will be held in conjunction with BRACIS 2020. This sysposium aims at integrating researchers, practitioners, developers, students and users to present their research results, to discuss ideas, and to exchange techniques, tools, and practical experiences – related to the Data Mining and Machine Learning areas.

BRACIS 2020

workshop paper

### Welcome to 2025 Annual Conference of the Nations of the Americas Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics

Welcome to the 2025 meeting of the Nations of the Americas Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics! I am proud to help organize the first NAACL conference to carry the new name of our organization, one that emphasizes inclusion for all of the Americas. I am also pleased to welcome you to Albuquerque, New Mexico, a state whose unique blend of cultural influences will make for an excellent backdrop for NAACL 2025, especially with this year’s special theme on NLP in a Multicultural World. 
**[Continue reading...](https://drive.google.com/file/d/1jX-qGhqVSZZCIrAnJaz798pflu5Irrdn/view?usp=sharing)**

*- Colin Cherry, Google, NAACL 2025 General Chair* 

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Welcome to 2025 Annual Conference of the Nations of the Americas Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics

Relation extraction (RE) in fiction presents unique NLP challenges due to implicit, narrative-driven relationships. Unlike factual texts, fiction weaves complex connections, yet existing RE datasets focus on non-fiction. To address this, we introduce Artificial Relationships in Fiction (ARF), a synthetically annotated dataset for literary RE. Built from diverse Project Gutenberg fiction, ARF considers author demographics, publication periods, and themes. We curated an ontology for fiction-specific entities and relations, and using GPT-4o, generated artificial relationships to capture narrative complexity. Our analysis demonstrates its value for finetuning RE models and advancing computational literary studies. By bridging a critical RE gap, ARF enables deeper exploration of fictional relationships, enriching NLP research at the intersection of storytelling and AI-driven literary analysis.

Artificial Relationships in Fiction: A Dataset for Advancing NLP in Literary Domains

Recent studies have shown that few-shot learning enables large language models (LLMs) to generate training data for supervised models at a low cost. However, for complex tasks, the quality of LLM-generated data often falls short compared to human-labeled data. This presents a critical challenge: how should one balance the trade-off between the higher quality but more expensive human-annotated data and the lower quality yet significantly cheaper LLM-generated data? In this paper, we tackle this question for a demanding task: conversational semantic frame analysis (SFA). To address this, we propose a novel method for synthesizing training data tailored to this complex task. Through experiments conducted across a wide range of budget levels, we find that smaller budgets favor a higher reliance on LLM-generated data to achieve optimal cost-efficiency.

Optimizing Cost-Efficiency with LLM-Generated Training Data for Conversational Semantic Frame Analysis

Developing specialised language models for low-resource domains typically involves a trade-off between two specialisation strategies: adapting a general-purpose model through continued pretraining or retraining a model from scratch. While adapting preserves the model's linguistic knowledge, retraining benefits from the flexibility of an in-domain tokeniser -- a potentially significant advantage when handling rare languages. This study investigates the impact of tokenisation, specialisation strategy, and pretraining data availability using classical scholarship -- a multilingual, code-switching and highly domain-specific field -- as a case study. Through extensive experiments, we assess whether domain-specific tokenisation improves model performance, whether character-based models provide a viable alternative to subword-based models, and which specialisation strategy is optimal given the constraints of limited pretraining data. Contrary to prior findings, our results show that in-domain tokenisation does not necessarily enhance performance. Most notably, adaptation consistently outperforms retraining, even with limited data, confirming its efficiency as the preferred strategy for resource-constrained domains. These insights provide valuable guidelines for developing specialised models in fields with limited textual resources.

Don't stop pretraining! Efficiently building specialised language models in resource-constrained settings.

The growing volume of digitized historical texts requires effective semantic search using text embeddings. However, pre-trained multilingual models face challenges with historical content due to OCR noise and outdated spellings. This study examines multilingual embeddings for cross-lingual semantic search in historical Luxembourgish (LB), a low-resource language. We collect historical Luxembourgish news articles from various periods and use GPT-4o for sentence segmentation and translation, generating 20,000 parallel training sentences per language pair. Additionally, we create a semantic search (Historical LB Bitext Mining) evaluation set and find that existing models perform poorly on cross-lingual search for historical Luxembourgish. Using our historical and additional modern parallel training data, we adapt several multilingual embedding models through contrastive learning or knowledge distillation and increase accuracy significantly for all models. We release our adapted models and historical Luxembourgish-German/French/English bitexts to support further research.

Adapting Multilingual Embedding Models to Historical Luxembourgish

Automatic poetry generation is an immensely complex task, even for the most advanced Large Language Models (LLMs) that requires a profound understanding of intelligence, world and linguistic knowledge, and a touch of creativity.
This paper investigates the use of LLMs in generating Russian syllabo-tonic poetry of various genres and styles. The study explores a character-level tokenization architectures and demonstrates how a language model can be pretrained and finetuned to generate poetry requiring knowledge of a language's phonetics. Additionally, the paper assesses the quality of the generated poetry and the effectiveness of the approach in producing different genres and styles. The study's main contribution is the introduction of two end-to-end architectures for syllabo-tonic Russian poetry: pretrained models, a comparative analysis of the approaches, and poetry evaluation metrics.

Generation of Russian Poetry of Different Genres and Styles Using Neural Networks with Character-Level Tokenization

Algorithmic hate speech detection faces significant challenges due to the diverse definitions and datasets used in research and practice. Social media platforms, legal frameworks, and institutions each apply distinct yet overlapping definitions, complicating classification efforts. This study addresses these challenges by demonstrating that existing datasets and taxonomies can be integrated into a unified model, enhancing prediction performance and reducing reliance on multiple specialized classifiers. The work introduces a universal taxonomy and a hate speech classifier capable of detecting a wide range of definitions within a single framework. Our approach is validated by combining two widely used but differently annotated datasets, showing improved classification performance on an independent test set. This work highlights the potential of dataset and taxonomy integration in advancing hate speech detection, increasing efficiency, and ensuring broader applicability across contexts.

Improving Hate Speech Classification with Cross-Taxonomy Dataset Integration

This paper investigates the application of prompt-answering Large Language Models (LLMs) for the task of Named Entity Recognition (NER) in historical texts. Historical NER presents unique challenges due to language change through time, spelling variation, limited availability of digitized data (and, in particular, labeled data), and errors introduced by Optical Character Recognition (OCR) and Handwritten Text Recognition (HTR) processes. Leveraging the zero-shot capabilities of prompt-answering LLMs, we address these challenges by prompting the model to extract entities such as persons, locations, organizations, and dates from historical documents. We then conduct an extensive error analysis of the model output in order to identify and address potential weaknesses in the entity recognition process. The results show that, while such models display ability for extracting named entities, their overall performance is lackluster. Our analysis reveals that model performance is significantly affected by hallucinations in the model output, as well as by challenges imposed by the evaluation of NER output.

Prompting the Past: Exploring Zero-Shot Learning for Named Entity Recognition in Historical Texts Using Prompt-Answering LLMs

We present a clear distinction between the phenomena of comparisons and similes along with a fine-grained annotation guideline that facilitates the structural annotation and assessment of the two classes, with three major contributions: 1) a publicly available annotated data set of 100 comparative statements; 2) theoretically grounded annotation guidelines for human annotators; and 3) results of machine learning experiments to establish how the--often subtle--distinction between the two phenomena can be automated.

`... like a needle in a haystack'': Annotation and Classification of Comparative Statements

Recent studies suggest that canonical works possess unique textual profiles, often tied to innovation and higher cognitive demands. However, recent work on Danish 19th century literary novels has shown that some non-canonical works shared similar textual qualities with canonical works, underscoring the role of text-extrinsic factors in shaping canonicity. The present study examines the same corpus (more than 800 Danish novels from the Modern Breakthrough era (1870–1900)) to explore socio-economic and institutional factors, as well as demographic features, specifically, book prices, publishers, and the author's nationality – in determining canonical status. We combine expert-based and national definitions of canon to set up a classification experiment to test the predictive power of these external features, and to understand how they relate to that of text-intrinsic features. We show that the canonization process is influenced by external factors – such as publisher and nationality – but that text-intrinsic features nevertheless maintain predictive power in a dynamic interplay of text and context.

Why Novels (Don't) Break Through: Dynamics of Canonicity in the Danish Modern Breakthrough (1870-1900)

This study examines sentiment analysis in Tamil-English code-mixed texts using advanced transformer-based architectures. The unique linguistic challenges, including mixed grammar, orthographic variability, and phonetic inconsistencies, are addressed. Data limitations and annotation gaps are discussed, highlighting the need for larger datasets. The performance of models such as XLM-RoBERTa, mT5, IndicBERT, and RemBERT is evaluated, with insights into their optimization for low-resource, code-mixed environments.

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Artificial Relationships in Fiction: A Dataset for Advancing NLP in Literary Domains

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