United States

Hate speech propagated online is a complex issue, deeply influenced by the cultural, historical, and societal contexts of both the perpetrator and the target. Consequently, the development of a universally robust hate speech classifier for diverse social media texts remains a challenging and unsolved task. The lack of mechanisms to track the spread and severity of hate speech further complicates the formulation of effective solutions. In response to this, to monitor hate speech in Indonesia during the recent 2024 presidential election, we have employed advanced Natural Language Processing (NLP) technologies to create an improved hate speech classifier tailored for a narrower subset of texts; specifically, texts that target minority groups that have historically been the targets of hate speech in Indonesia. Our focus is on texts that mention these seven vulnerable minority groups in Indonesia: Shia, Ahmadiyyah, Christian, LGBTQ+, Chinese, Jewish, and people with disabilities. The insights gained from our dashboard have assisted stakeholders in devising more effective strategies to counteract hate speech. Notably, our dashboard has persuaded the General Election Supervisory Body in Indonesia (BAWASLU) to collaborate with our institution and the Alliance of Independent Journalists (AJI) to monitor social media hate speech in vulnerable areas in the country known for hate speech dissemination or hate-related violence in the upcoming Indonesian regional elections. This dashboard is available online at \url{https://www.aji.or.id/}

EMNLP 2024

Monitoring Hate Speech in Indonesia: An NLP-based Classification of Social Media Texts

cultural alignment

### Welcome to The 63rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL 2025)

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ACL 2025

Welcome to The 63rd Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL 2025)

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In intelligent assistants that perform both chatting and tasks through dialogue, like Siri and Alexa, users often make ambiguous utterances such as ``I'm hungry'' or ``I have a headache,'' which can be interpreted as either chat or task intents. Naively determining these intents can lead to mismatched responses, spoiling the user experience. Therefore, it is desirable to determine the ambiguity of user utterances. We created a dataset from an actual intelligent assistant via crowdsourcing and analyzed tendencies of ambiguous utterances. Using this labeled data of chat, task, and ambiguous intents, we developed a supervised intent classification model. To detect ambiguous utterances robustly, we propose feeding sentence embeddings developed from microblogs and search logs with a self-attention mechanism. Experiments showed that our model outperformed two baselines, including a strong LLM-based one. We will release the dataset upon acceptance to support future research.

Detecting Ambiguous Utterances in an Intelligent Assistant

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved significant leadership in many NLP tasks, but aligning structured output with generative models in information extraction (IE) tasks remains a challenge. Prompt Engineering (PE) is renowned for improving IE performance through prompt modifications. However, the realm of the sample design for downstream fine-tuning, crucial for task-specific LLM adaptation, is largely unexplored. This paper introduces **Sample Design Engineering** (SDE), a methodical approach to enhancing LLMs' post-tuning performance on IE tasks by refining input, output, and reasoning designs. Through extensive ID and OOD experiments across six LLMs, we first assess the impact of various design options on IE performance, revealing several intriguing patterns. Based on these insights, we then propose an integrated SDE strategy and validate its consistent superiority over heuristic sample designs on three complex IE tasks with four additional LLMs, demonstrating the generality of our method. Additionally, analyses of LLMs' inherent prompt/output perplexity, zero-shot, and ICL abilities illustrate that good PE strategies may not always translate to good SDE strategies.

Sample Design Engineering: An Empirical Study on Designing Better Fine-Tuning Samples for Information Extraction with LLMs

In recent years, large language models (LLMs) have attracted significant interest from the research community due to their broad applicability in many language-oriented tasks, and are now widely used in numerous areas of production and daily life. One source of the powerful capabilities of LLMs is the massive scale of their pre-training dataset. However, these pre-training datasets contain many outdated, harmful, and personally sensitive information, which inevitably becomes memorized by LLM during the pre-training process. Eliminating this undesirable data is crucial for ensuring the model's safety and enhancing the user experience. However, the cost of extensively cleaning the pre-training dataset and retraining the model from scratch is very high. In this work, we propose ULMR , a unlearning framework for LLMs , which first uses carefully designed prompts to rewrite the instructions in the specified dataset, and generate corresponding negative responses. Subsequently, to ensure that the model does not excessively deviate post-training, we perform model parameter averaging to preserve the performance of the original LLM. We conducted experiments on two public datasets, TOFU and RWKU, demonstrating that our method can effectively forget specified information while retaining the capabilities of the original LLM.

ULMR: Unlearning Large Language Models via Negative Response and Model Parameter Average

We propose Project Context for Code Summarization with LLMs (ProConSuL), a new framework to provide a large language model (LLM) with precise information about the code structure from program analysis methods such as a compiler or IDE language services and use task decomposition derived from the code structure. ProConSuL builds a call graph to provide the context from callees and uses a two-phase training method (SFT + preference alignment) to train the model to use the project context. We also provide a new evaluation benchmark for C/C++ functions and a set of proxy metrics. Experimental results demonstrate that ProConSuL allows to significantly improve code summaries and reduce the number of hallucinations compared to the base model (CodeLlama-7B-instruct). We make our code and dataset available at https://github.com/TypingCat13/ProConSuL.

ProConSuL: Project Context for Code Summarization with LLMs

The widespread use of large language models (LLMs) has dramatically improved many applications of Natural Language Processing (NLP), including Information Retrieval (IR). However, domains that are not driven by commercial interest often lag behind in benefiting from AI-powered solutions. One such area is religious and heritage corpora. Alongside similar domains, Islamic literature holds significant cultural value and is regularly utilized by scholars and the general public. Navigating this extensive amount of text is challenging, and there is currently no unified resource that allows for easy searching of this data using advanced AI tools. This work focuses on the development of a multilingual non-profit IR system for the Islamic domain. This process brings a few major challenges, such as preparing multilingual domain-specific corpora when data is limited in certain languages, deploying a model on resource-constrained devices, and enabling fast search on a limited budget. By employing methods like continued pre-training for domain adaptation and language reduction to decrease model size, a lightweight multilingual retrieval model was prepared, demonstrating superior performance compared to larger models pre-trained on general domain data. Furthermore, evaluating the proposed architecture that utilizes Rust Language capabilities shows the possibility of implementing efficient semantic search in a low-resource setting.

Building an Efficient Multilingual Non-Profit IR System for the Islamic Domain Leveraging Multiprocessing Design in Rust

This paper presents LOFI (Language, OCR, Form Independent), a pipeline for Document Information Extraction (DIE) in Low-Resource Language (LRL) business documents. LOFI pipeline solves language, OCR, and form dependencies through flexible language model integration, a token-level box split algorithm, and the SPADE decoder. Experiments on Korean and Japanese documents demonstrate high performance without additional pre-training. The pipeline's effectiveness is validated through real-world applications in insurance and tax-free declaration services, advancing DIE capabilities for diverse languages and document types in industrial settings.

Language, OCR, Form Independent (LOFI) pipeline for Industrial Document Information Extraction

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated prowess in a wide range of tasks. However, many LLMs exhibit significant performance discrepancies between high-resource and low-resource languages, often observed in existing multilingual models, which tend to have limited focus on enhancing their multilingual capabilities. To address this gap, we introduce FuxiTranyu, an open-sourced multilingual LLM designed to address the research community's need for balanced and high-performing multilingual models. FuxiTranyu-8B, the foundational model, contains 8 billion parameters and is trained from scratch on a meticulously balanced dataset of 600 billion tokens spanning 43 natural languages and 16 programming languages. Beyond releasing the foundational model, we also introduce FuxiTranyu-8B-Instruct, fine-tuned on a diverse multilingual instruction dataset, and FuxiTranyu-8B-Chat, further refined with DPO on a preference dataset for enhanced conversational ability. Extensive evaluation on multilingual benchmarks demonstrate FuxiTranyu's superior performance compared to existing multilingual LLMs like BLOOM-7B and PolyLM-13B.

FuxiTranyu: A Multilingual Large Language Model Trained with Balanced Data

In this work we propose an efficient production-ready factoid question answering (QA) system that combines a local knowledge base search and generative context-based QA. To assess the quality of the generated content, we devise metrics for both manual and automatic evaluation of the answers to questions. A distinctive feature of our system is the Ranker component, which ranks potential answers according to their relevance. This enhances the quality of local knowledge base retrieval by 23\%. Another crucial aspect of the system is the LLM, which utilizes contextual information from the internet to formulate responses. It boosts the utility of voice-based answers by 94\%. **EARS** is language-agnostic and the approach can be implemented for any data domain.

Efficient Answer Retrieval System (EARS): Combining Local DB Search and Web Search for Generative QA

The Sparsely-Activated Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architecture has gained popularity for scaling large language models (LLMs) due to the sub-linearly increasing computational costs. Despite its success, most of the current structure designs face the challenge that the experts share the same size such that tokens have no chance to choose the experts with the most appropriate size to generate the next token. To migrate this defect, we propose Mixture of Diverse Size Experts (MoDSE), a new MoE architecture with designed layers where experts have different sizes. Analysis on difficult token generation tasks shows that experts with different sizes give better predictions, and the routing path of the experts tends to be stable after a period of training. The diversity of experts' size will lead to load unbalancing. To tackle this limitation, we introduce an expert-pair allocation strategy to distribute the workload evenly across the GPUs. Comprehensive evaluations across multiple benchmarks demonstrate the effectiveness of MoDSE, surpassing existing MoEs by adaptively assigning the parameter budget to experts while maintaining the same total parameter size and number of experts.

Mixture of Diverse Size Experts

The risk of harmful contents generated by large language models (LLMs) becomes a critical concern. This paper systematically evaluates and enhances LLMs' capability to perform \emph{course-correction}, \ie, the model can steer away from generating harmful content autonomously. First, we introduce the C$^2$-Eval benchmark for quantitative assessment and analyze 10 popular LLMs, revealing varying proficiency of current safety-tuned LLMs in course-correction. To improve, we propose fine-tuning LLMs with preference learning, emphasizing the preference for timely course-correction. Using an automated pipeline, we create C$^2$-Syn, a synthetic C$^2$-Syn with 750K pairwise preferences, to teach models the concept of timely course-correction through data-driven learning. Experiments on \textsc{Llama2-Chat 7B} and \textsc{Qwen2 7B} show that our method effectively enhances course-correction skills without affecting general performance. Additionally, it effectively improves LLMs' safety, particularly in resisting jailbreak attacks.

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Detecting Ambiguous Utterances in an Intelligent Assistant

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(Civil Society Reports) - Monitoring Hate Speech in Indonesia: An NLP-based Classification of Social Media Texts